An 8-year-old presents with excessive drooling, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, and uncontrolled tearing of the eyes. Pupils are constricted and heart rate is 48 beats/ minute. Which toxin is the most likely cause of these symptoms? A. Lead B. Cyanide C. Sympathomimetics D. Organophosphates
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Step 1: Identify the symptoms presented by the 8-year-old: excessive drooling, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, uncontrolled tearing of the eyes, constricted pupils, and bradycardia (heart rate of 48 beats/minute). Show more…
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Recall the signal transduction pathway of a muscular contraction process. Given are the following properties of each toxin and poisons, which of the following resultant effect (statement after the ->) is NOT TRUE? a. FACT: Botulinum toxin from the microorganism Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, a form of food poisoning. Botulinum toxin blocks the release of ACh from the terminal button -> thus it prevents muscles from responding to nerve impulses and the action potential is not propagated, eventually leading to respiratory failure. b. FACT: Organophosphates (e.g., Diazinon) are one type of insecticides that irreversibly inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase -> which could result in the prevention of the inactivation of released ACh and the action potential cannot terminate, eventually developing into respiratory failure. c. FACT: Curare is a common name for various plant extract alkaloid poisons used in arrowheads as a paralyzing agent for hunting, originating from indigenous peoples in Central and South America. Curare reversibly binds to the ACh receptor-channels but does not elicit a response on the receptor -> causing the muscle action potentials to propagate continuously and eventually causing respiratory failure. d. FACT: The venom of black widow spiders triggers an explosive release of ACh from the storage vesicles -> which means the action potential cannot be terminated and this could lead to continual contraction, eventually resulting in respiratory failure.
Matthew S.
Dennis V was playing in his grandfather's basement. Dennis drank an unknown amount of the insecticide malathion, which is sometimes used for killing fruit flies and other insects. Sometime later, when he was not feeling well, Dennis told his grandfather what he had done. Mr. V retrieved the bottle and rushed Dennis to the ER of the local hospital. On the way, Dennis vomited repeatedly and complained of abdominal cramps. At the hospital, he began salivating and had an uncontrollable defecation. In the ER, physicians passed a nasogastric tube for stomach lavage, started intravenous fluids, and recorded vital signs. Dennis's pulse rate was 48 beats/minute, and his blood pressure was 78/48 mm Hg. The physicians noted involuntary twitching of the muscles in his extremities. Is Dennis's vital signs normal? What are the normal values? The mechanism of action of malathion is similar to DIFP. What is the enzyme target of malathion? Show the reaction that is inhibited by malathion. Which neurotransmitter accumulates as a result of inhibition of the enzyme target? Explain the reason for Dennis's symptoms that result due to accumulation of the neurotransmitter.
Adi S.
What is the mechanism of acute toxicity for the organophosphate insecticides? A. blocking acetylcholine receptors B. overproduction of acetylcholinesterase C. reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase D. irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
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