An individual has been diagnosed with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) which causes them to hypoventilate (shallow breaths) and decrease their oxygen levels. A. Does hypoventilation increase or decrease carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in this individual? (1 pt) In the blood, pH levels are maintained with bicarbonate. Write the reaction for this system. (2 pts) In which direction will equilibrium shift when CO2 levels are changed as indicated in part 1? The direction will depend on your response to part 2. (1 pt) Will hypoventilation increase or decrease blood pH levels? (1 pt) Based on your response in part 4, would this be respiratory acidosis or alkalosis? (1 pt)
Added by Brett T.
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Step 1: Hypoventilation causes an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the individual. Show more…
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Q1. The carbonic acid-carbonate buffering system is a major buffering system in the blood. This buffering system keeps the blood pH stable (7.35-7.45). The carbonic acid concentration is controlled by respiration through the lungs while the bicarbonate concentration is maintained by the kidneys. H2O(l) + CO2(g) ⇌ H2CO3(aq) ⇌ HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) Certain conditions such as smoke inhalation and emphysema lead to decreases in respiration rate. A decrease in respiration results in an increased concentration of dissolved CO2 in the blood. Using the equation above as well as Le Chatelier's principle, explain whether this would result in a decrease (acidosis) or an increase (alkalosis) in the blood pH. Q2. Metabolic acidosis is the decrease in blood pH that occurs when excess amounts of acidic substances are not removed from the blood. This condition can result from excess exercise, diabetes or diet. 1. If the proton concentration in the blood increases, in which direction will the equilibrium shift (use the equation above). Explain. 2. How will this affect the concentration of carbon dioxide levels? 3. Given that a person's breathing rate controls the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled and the amount of exhaled CO2(g) can be correlated to acidosis, will breathing rate increase or decrease in a person with metabolic acidosis in an attempt to restore normal blood pH? 4. Would hyperventilation result in respiratory alkalosis or acidosis? Why?
Adi S.
A patient is hyperventilating. The "blowing off" of excessive carbon dioxide causes a decrease in blood H+ concentration. How can the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system function to correct this imbalance? Select one: A. HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 and lower pH B. HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 and raise pH C. H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and lower pH D. H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and raise pH
Madhur L.
Hemoglobin (abbreviated Hb) is a protein that is responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood of mammals. Each hemoglobin molecule contains four iron atoms that serve as the binding sites for $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ molecules. The oxygen binding is pH dependent. The relevant equilibrium reaction is $$\mathrm{HbH}_{4}^{4+}(a q)+4 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Hb}\left(\mathrm{O}_{2}\right)_{4}(a q)+4 \mathrm{H}^{+}(a q)$$ Use Le Châtelier's principle to answer the following. a. What form of hemoglobin, $\mathrm{HbH}_{4}^{4+}$ or $\mathrm{Hb}\left(\mathrm{O}_{2}\right)_{4},$ is favored in the lungs? What form is favored in the cells? b. When a person hyperventilates, the concentration of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ in the blood decreases. How does this affect the oxygen-binding equilibrium? How does breathing into a paper bag help to counteract this effect? (Hint: CO $_{2}$ reacts with water to produce carbonic acid.) c. When a person has suffered a cardiac arrest, an injection of a sodium bicarbonate solution is given. Why is this step necessary? (Hint: $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ blood levels increase during cardiac arrest.)
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