Apoptosis helps researchers understand. Select all that apply. how cells are programmed for cell death cancer cells rapid cell proliferation of malignant cells none of the above
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Apoptosis or programmed cell death happens for many different reasons. It occurs as a normal process during embryonic development when some cells or tissues that are no longer needed are eliminated. It also occurs to cells that have been damaged from too much harmful stimuli such as high heat, radiation and DNA damage, lack of oxygen (hypoxia), physical trauma, viral infections, or for any reason that causes a cell to function improperly. It’s an efficient way to get rid of damaged or abnormal cells. There are two major pathways of apoptosis: the Extrinsic Apoptotic pathway and the Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway (see Figure 4). The mitochondrion plays a key role in the intrinsic pathway but not in the extrinsic pathway. A major cell cycle regulatory protein, called p53, is also involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway involves types of white blood cells, known as lymphocytes, which have “death molecules” on their cell surface. Both types of apoptotic pathways use activated caspase 3 as a common mechanism to start a cascade of caspase activations leading to cell death. Damaged cells can potentially turn into cancer cells that divide uncontrollably, but to do this they have to evade apoptosis. On the most common ways that cancer cells evade death is to avoid intrinsic apoptosis by inhibiting some aspect of p53. Which of the following are known to happen to p53 in cancer cells. A. mutations of the p53 gene B. loss of the p53 gene C. production of a protein that binds to and inactivates the p53 protein D. all of the above
Suman K.
Indicate the value of apoptosis to the body.
Nicholas M.
What is the role of apoptosis in the development and proper functioning of an animal? Select all that apply. Apoptosis participates in fragmentation of the DNA inside the damaged cell. Extensive damage to a cell's DNA or misfolding of proteins can trigger a built-in cell suicide program. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in embryonic development, including formation of the nervous system and the separation of digits. Apoptosis is a part of the normal functioning of the mature immune system. Apoptosis destroys the cells neighboring a "sick" cell to prevent the future spreading of an "illness."
Adi S.
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