The graph below is an age-structure diagram for a population of African elephants. Age-structure Diagram of African Elephants Males Females Age class F E D C B A 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of individuals Key Class Age (years) A 0 - 9.9 B 10 - 19.9 C 20 - 24.9 D 25 - 34.9 E 35 - 49.9 F > 50 At which ages do male elephants outnumber female elephants, according to the diagram? A. Between 20 and 25 B. At all ages shown C. Under the age of 20 D. Over the age of 35
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24. In this sample matrix calculation of Darwin’s elephants, approximated with three age classes, 0–29, 30–59, and 60–89, what does the value 0.9 indicate? ( 0 2 1 ) ( 0.9 0 0 ) ← this row is new young female elephants, 0–29 ( 0 0.8 0 ) ← this is newly middle-age female elephants, 30–59 ← this is newly older female elephants, 60–89 ↑ This column is existing older female elephants ↑ This column is existing middle-age female elephants ↑ This column is existing young female elephants a. 90% of young elephants survive to become middle-age elephants. b. 90% of middle-age elephants survive to become old elephants. c. Young female elephants produce on average 0.9 female offspring over 30 years. d. Male elephants have an average of 1/0.9 = 1.1 mates over 30 years. 25. In Pinot et al. (2016), did density have a positive or negative effect on population growth? a. positive b. negative c. neither d. both
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Elephant growth The weight $W$ (in kilograms) of a female African elephant at age $t$ (in years) may be approximated by $$W=2600 (1-0.51 e^{-0.075t})^{3}.$$ (a) Approximate the weight at birth. (b) Estimate the age of a female African elephant weighing 1800 kilograms by using (1) the accompanying graph and (2) the formula for $W$. (GRAPH CAN'T COPY)
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Add a quadratic term in AGE to determine whether there is a maximum age for the number of matings for elephants. Is a quadratic model preferred to a linear model? To investigate this question, use: (a) Wald test (b) Drop in deviance test AGE MATINGS 27 0 28 1 28 1 28 1 28 3 29 0 29 0 29 0 29 2 29 2 29 2 30 1 32 2 33 4 33 3 33 3 33 3 33 2 34 1 34 1 34 2 34 3 36 5 36 6 37 1 37 1 37 6 38 2 39 1 41 3 42 4 43 0 43 2 43 3 43 4 43 9 44 3 45 5 47 7 48 2 52 9
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