TYPE OF SERUM USED BLOOD TYPE BEING TESTED Anti-A Type A (contains only A antigen) Type B (contains only B antigen) Anti-B No agglutination of RBCs Type AB (contains both A and B antigens) Type O (contains neither A or B antigens) Visible agglutination of RBCs Figure 2.15: Blood typing in the ABO system. The clumping is agglutination, which is a sign of incompatibility Data Table: Observations for your blood typing procedure. Agglutination Results Clumping with anti-A Clumping with anti-B Clumping with anit-Rh ABO blood type of sample: Rh blood type of sample: Yes No W
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- Add a drop of the blood sample to a well on a testing plate. - Add a drop of anti-A serum to the same well. - Observe the reaction in the well. - If there is clumping (agglutination) of the red blood cells (RBCs), record "Yes" in the "Clumping with anti-A" Show more…
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There are three types of blood antigens that determine blood type: A, B, and Rh+. An individual's blood type is determined by the specific combination of these antigens. In order to receive a blood transfusion, you can't receive blood from a donor who has an antigen that you don't have yourself. That means that people with AB+ blood can receive a transfusion from ANY donor, since they have all of the possible antigens. They can only donate to other people with AB+. People with O- blood (none of the antigens) can only receive type O- blood, since all other blood types have at least one of the antigens. However, they can donate their blood to anyone, since their blood does not have any of the antigens. A laboratory looked at blood samples for 200 patients and found the following information provided in the table. How many patients were classified as O-? Number of samples Antigen in blood 80 A 36 B 82 Rh 10 A and B 62 A and Rh 22 B and Rh 4 A, B, and Rh
Supreeta N.
Blood Typing Blood types are genetically determined traits based on the presence or absence of specific glycoproteins (antigens) embedded in the cell membranes of RBCs. Although human RBCs display many different antigens, only those in two groups—the ABO system and the Rh system—are routinely typed. There are four variants in the ABO system, and two variants in the Rh system; therefore, the combined use of these two blood typing systems produces eight major blood types, as shown in. The four variants in the ABO system are A, B, AB, and O. Type A blood contains RBCs displaying A antigens. Type B blood contains RBCs displaying B antigens. Type AB blood contains RBCs displaying both A antigens and B antigens. Type O blood contains RBCs that display neither A antigens nor B antigens. The ‘‘Rh" in the Rh system stands for rhesus monkey because the Rh antigen (also called the Rh factor) was first discovered in this primate. There are only two blood types in the Rh system. Blood containing RBCs with Rh antigens is considered Rh positive (Rh+), whereas blood with RBCs that lack Rh antigens is considered Rh negative (Rh-). The plasma portion of blood also contains specialized proteins called antibodies, which chemically react with (bind to) specific types of antigens. When an antibody encounters its specific antigen, the two will bind. In the case of blood, should an antibody in plasma meet its specific antigen on an RBC, the resulting binding produces an agglutination reaction (the clumping of RBCs). To cite one example, the type of antibody that binds with an A antigen is called an anti-A antibody. The plasma of type A blood contains anti-B antibodies, that of type B blood contains anti-A antibodies, that of type AB blood contains no antibodies, and that of type O blood contains both anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies. These antibodies begin forming shortly after birth. The plasma of Rh+ blood lacks antibodies against the Rh antigen. Unlike antibodies against the ABO antigens, antibodies against the Rh antigen are produced only when an individual is exposed to the Rh antigen. Thus Rh+ blood lacks antibodies against the Rh factor, and individuals with Rh- blood do not produce antibodies against the Rh factor unless they are exposed to it. Such exposure can occur during a blood transfusion or during childbirth. Complete the following table: Blood Type | Antigens Present on Surface of RBCs | Antibodies Present in Plasma | Can Receive Blood from Blood Type(s): | Can Donate Blood to Blood Type(s): ---|---|---|---|--- A- | | | | O+ | | | | AB- | | | | B+ | | | |
Madhur L.
The purpose of understanding the different antigens found on red blood cells is because of blood transfusions. Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood from one person into another person's circulatory system. Blood transfusions can can be useful when the recipient loses a large amount of blood due to trauma or surgery. For blood transfusions to work, blood must be donated from people with matching blood types. If the blood is not matched, then the immune system of the recipient will attack the donated blood. After birth, the immune system then makes antibodies against the antigens not found on the red blood cells. Antibodies are present on the B white blood cells. Below is a table containing information about antigens, antibodies and blood transfusions. Table 1: Blood Types Blood Type | Red Blood Cell Antigen | Antibodies in Blood | Receive Blood From | Donate Blood To --- | --- | --- | --- | --- A | A | anti-B | O, A | A, AB B | B | anti-A | O, B | B, AB AB | A, B | None | O, A, B, AB | AB O | None | anti-A, anti-B | O | O, A, B, AB Use Table 1 to answer the following questions: 1. Which blood type would you have if antibodies A and B were made during your first year of life? 2. Which blood type is the universal donor? 3. Which blood type is the universal recipient? 4. Which ABO blood type has two different antigens on the surface of red blood cells? 5. Which ABO blood type has the A antigens on the surface of red blood cells? 6. If the blood plasma had antibody A, what type of blood would the immune system attack? 7. How are antibodies related to the type of blood a person can receive?
Sri K.
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