Brain: • Structure o Be able to describe: Gyri sulci,...

Brain: • Structure o Be able to describe: Gyri & sulci, where the lateral sulcus is found o Ventricles of the brain. How CSF is made, where it flows and purpose of CSF o Where white matter is found compared to gray matter o Meninges: Dura (splits), arachnoid & pia (Falx cerebelli, Tentorium cerebelli, Falx cerebri) o 5 lobes of brain- where they are, which are on the surface • Functional areas o Area where the conscious thought processes (complex intellectual thought) originate o Portion of brain involved with vision, skeletal muscle movement, hearing, sensation (functional cortex) o Review ? Prefrontal cortex ? Diencephalon ? Epithalamus ? Pineal gland ? Cerebellum- proprioception & coordination of mvmts o What is an EEG Endocrine system: • Compare/Contrast Nervous to endocrine system • What is a hormone? proteins, carb, nucleic acid? o what is it called when a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone? (downregulation) o Hormones: ? Gonadotropins include: FSH & LH- what do they do ? steroid hormones- derived from cholesterol ? What does it do, where is it released from? ? Insulin ? TSH ? Melatonin ? Calcitonin- ? Growth hormone • Pituitary gland: location in brain & how it connects to the hypothalamus, the two tracts • Posterior pituitary vs anterior pituitary o posterior: oxytocin & adrenocorticotropic hormone what do they do? • Thyroid: clinical differences in someone under secreting and oversecreting TH. (ex/ exophthalmos) • Parathyroid: where is it found and what hormones does it release and what would happen if it was destroyed? • Pancreas o Location in the body o mixed gland-> heterocrine

Transcript

00:03 Hello everyone so over here first of all we will talk about the gyri and the sulcae okay so these are what these are parts of brain so gyri are basically considered as raised poles on the surface of the brain and sulcae on the other hand are understood as shallow grooves okay and these are what shallow grooves let us write down and these are responsible for separating the gyri fine okay they will separate these gyri and also the lateral surface which is also known as the sylvean pressure is seen on the lateral okay lateral surface of each of the hemisphere separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobes then if we talk about the ventricles okay ventricles of what ventricles of brain so brain is having four the third ventricle is there and also fourth ventricle is also there so two are considered as lateral ventricles then we have one third ventricle and fourth ventricle so these ventricles are filled with what these are filled with the csf or the cerebrospinal fluid then if we talk about the cerebrospinal fluid what is it it is clear colorless fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord and it is produced primarily in the choroid plexus of the ventricles cfs will flow through the ventricle system into the cerebrospinal space and it will bathe the brain and spinal cord okay and it is responsible for what it is responsible for protecting the brain and spinal cord and also providing nutrition and it will also remove what remove the waste products and maintain a stable pressure in this cut then next we have to talk about the gray matter and the white matter yes so when we talk about the white matter versus the gray matter when we talk about this white matter it is found deeper yes it is found in deep portion in the brain and consists of myelinated fibers and when we talk about this gray matter it is found on the surface okay surface of the brain and consists of neurons, cell bodies and endoids.

02:40 Now if we talk about the meninges yes so meninges are protective membranes that will surround the brain as well as the spinal cord also dura mater is tough outermost layer of this meninges and erythroid matter is the middle layer pia matter is thin innermost layer and the cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli and false cerebri are special folds of the meninges that help to partition different brain regions.

03:12 Now when we talk about the five lobes of the brain on the surface we have frontal lobe, we have the parietal lobe, we have the temporal lobe, we have the occipital lobe and also we are having the insular lobe.

03:28 Now when we talk about the frontal lobe it is located in the front of the brain and it is responsible for executive function, reasoning, planning all these and parietal lobe is located behind the frontal lobe.

03:43 Temporal lobe is located on the sides yes sides of the brain and occipital lobe is seen on the back of the brain insular lobe is hidden beneath the lateral sulcus.

03:55 Now when we talk about the functional areas over here you have to understand when we talk about the functional areas these are intellectual thought and conscious thought processes and intellectual thought originates in the prefrontal cortex which is located in what it is located in the frontal lobe and conscious thought process including the complex brain functions like the vision, skeletal muscle movement, hearing and sensation are really associated with the cerebri.

04:28 Then when we talk about the diencephalon yes diencephalon it is region which is seen deep in the brain and it comprises of thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and the subthalamus and it is also playing a very important role in relying sensory and motor signals and also regulate autonomic functions and control hormone secretion.

04:52 Then if we talk about the epithalamus yes and also the pineal gland so these are what these are part of diencephalon and contains the pineal gland and this pineal gland is responsible for what the pineal gland is responsible for release of melatonin fine and it is a hormone that is involved in regulating sleep cycle.

05:19 Then we have the cerebellum yes cerebellum so it is located at the back of the brain below the cerebrum and it is responsible for the appropriate reception and also coordination of movement.

05:35 Now if we talk about the eeg or the electroencephalogram it is basically a non -invasive yes non -invasive test that is responsible for measuring and recording the electrical activity of brain using the electrodes which are placed on what placed on the scalp and it is used for diagnosing and studying various brain disorders and states now if we talk about the endocrine system versus the nervous system so endocrine system will have a gland that will secrete hormone into the bloodstream for regulating bodily function and maintaining the homeostasis and nervous system uses electrical and chemical signal to transmit information rapidly between the cells as well as the organs.

06:23 Now if we talk about the hormones yes so hormone is what it is considered as a chemical messenger which is produced by endocrine glands and regulate various physiological process in the body.

06:37 Now if we talk about the proteins, carbs and nucleic acids yes so protein, carbs, protein as well as the carbs which are also called as carbohydrates and nucleic acid are what these are nucleic acid okay i'm writing it in short are biomolecules which is responsible for various cellular functions.

06:59 So proteins are involved in its structure yes and enzyme and signaling and carbs will provide what it will provide an urgent role in cell recognition and nucleic acid which are dna rna carry genetic information which are vital for protein synthesis.

07:16 Now if we talk about the down regulation yes the down regulation so over here when a cell will decrease the number of receptors it has for a hormone it is referred to as down regulation.

07:31 Now we have fsh and the lh these are gonadotropins and these are released by pituitary hormone fsh will stimulate the growth of ovary follicles and spermatogenesis in the testis whereas the lh will trigger ovulation production of testisterone in the testis fine...

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