QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW Answers to the Questions for Review (except Short Answer questions) begin on p. A-1. Multiple Choice 1. Cerebrospinal fluid is a. formed deep within the brain b. found in the subarachnoid space c. withdrawn in a spinal tap d. All of the above are true of the cerebrospinal fluid 2. The layer of the meninges lying closest to the spinal cord is the a. arachnoid mater b. pia mater c. dura mater d. cauda equina 3. Nerves that primarily carry impulses toward the central nervous system are a. sensory nerves b. motor nerves c. mixed nerves d. plexus nerves 4. A collection of many neuron cell bodies outside the CNS is a a. plexus b. dendrite c. ganglion d. axon 5. Hansen's disease is also known as a. meningitis b. leprosy c. rabies d. tetanus 6. The most common form of meningitis is a. bacterial meningitis b. viral meningitis c. cryptococcal meningitis d. septic meningitis 7. The type of poliomyelitis that accounts for about 90% of the cases is a. asymptomatic polio b. minor polio c. nonparalytic polio d. paralytic polio 8. Which of the following diseases is a zoonosis? a. cryptococcal meningitis b. rabies c. tetanus d. tuberculosis 9. Which of the following does not play a role in the action of botulism toxin? a. acetylcholine in synaptic cleft b. inhibition of vesicular fusion c. nerve impulse conduction d. nerve cell growth 10. Which of the following diseases is not a zoonosis? a. arboviral encephalitis b. rabies c. St. Louis encephalitis d. viral meningitis 11. Which of the following diseases is caused most commonly by protozoan infections? a. variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease b. trachoma c. African trypanosomiasis d. Hansen's disease 12. Which of the following statements concerning meningoencephalitis is true? a. Primary amebic meningoencephalopathy is fatal. b. Primary amebic meningoencephalopathy is ingested from infected beef. c. A person can become infected by contaminated lenses. d. The disease is sexually transmitted and can baby at birth. 13. A bacterium associated with bacteremia, pneumonia in newborns is a. Staphylococcus aureus b. Staphylococcus epidermidis c. Strep d. Strep 14. Which of the following would not play a role tion with amoebas? a. sterile drinking water b. sterile contact lens solution c. avoiding swimming in contaminated lakes d. chlorination of swimming pools 15. Human diploid cell vaccine is used to treat a. leprosy b. rabies c. tetanus d. tuberculosis Fill in the Blanks 1. A ______ is an intercellular space between another cell. 2. The cell structure of pneumococci that accounts for the ______. 3. A common cause of bacterial meningitis birth is ______. 4. Three types of botulism are ______. 5. The bacterium that causes botulism is ______. 6. A mycosis of the nervous system that has since the advent of AIDS is ______. 7. Hydrophobia is characteristic of ______. 8. The ______ nervous system is comp- carry impulses to and from muscles and body. 9. The cytoplasmic processes that carry m- cell body are ______. 10. ______ are small, dark purplish hem in the skin, sometimes seen in meningitis.
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Critical Thinking 55. A patient in the hospital has an intravenous catheter inserted to allow for the delivery of medications, fluids, and electrolytes. Four days after the catheter is inserted, the patient develops a fever and an infection in the skin around the catheter. Blood cultures reveal that the patient has a blood-borne infection. Tests in the clinical laboratory identify the blood-borne pathogen as Staphylococcus epidermidis, and antibiotic susceptibility tests are performed to provide doctors with essential information for selecting the best drug for treatment of the infection. Antibacterial chemotherapy is initiated and delivered through the intravenous catheter that was originally inserted into the patient. Within 7 days, the skin infection is gone, blood cultures are negative for S. epidermidis, and the antibacterial chemotherapy is discontinued. However, 2 days after discontinuing the antibacterial chemotherapy, the patient develops another fever and skin infection and the blood cultures are positive for the same strain of S. epidermidis that had been isolated the previous week. This time, doctors remove the intravenous catheter and administer oral antibiotics, which successfully treat both the skin and blood-borne infection caused by S. epidermidis. Furthermore, the infection does not return after discontinuing the oral antibacterial chemotherapy. What are some possible reasons why intravenous chemotherapy failed to completely cure the patient despite laboratory tests showing the bacterial strain was susceptible to the prescribed antibiotic? Why might the second round of antibiotic therapy have been more successful? Justify your answers. 56. Why are autoinducers small molecules? 57. Refer to Figure B1 in Appendix B. If the results from a pond water sample were recorded as 3, 2, 1, what would be the MPN of bacteria in 100 mL of pond water? 58. Refer to Figure 9.15. Why does turbidity lose reliability at high cell concentrations when the culture reaches the stationary phase? 59. A microbiology instructor prepares cultures for a gram-staining practical laboratory by inoculating growth medium with a gram-positive coccus (nonmotile) and a gram-negative rod (motile). The goal is to demonstrate staining of a mixed culture. The flask is incubated at 35 °C for 24 hours without aeration. A sample is stained and reveals only gram-negative rods. Both cultures are known facultative anaerobes. Give a likely reason for success of the gram-negative rod. Assume that the cultures have comparable intrinsic growth rates. 60. People who use proton pumps inhibitors or antacids are more prone to infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Can you explain the observation in light of what you have learned? 61. The bacterium that causes Hansen's disease (leprosy), Mycobacterium leprae, infects mostly the extremities of the body: hands, feet, and nose Can you make an educated guess as to its optimum temperature of growth? 62. Refer to Figure 9.29. Some hyperthermophiles can survive autoclaving temperatures. Are they a concern in health care?
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