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1. Twenty sets of depressed twins are obtained for a study on the effects of a new antidepressant. In each twin set, one twin is assigned to receive the drug, and the other is designed to receive the placebo. Three months later, depression levels are measured on a scale from 1 (not at all depressed) to 7 (very depressed). The following data was obtained: What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable? What kind of research design was used? What kind of statistical analysis was used? Is the effect size small, medium, or large? How do you know?

Akash M.

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Data Analysis Project: Treating Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial Background: Clinical depression is a recurrent illness requiring treatment and often hospitalization. Nearly 50% of people who have an episode of major depression will have a recurrence within 2-3 years. Being able to prevent the recurrence of depression in people who are at risk for the disease would go a long way to alleviate the pain and suffering of patients and would also save society many thousands of dollars in medical expenses and lost wages due to an inability to work. The Study: During the 1980's the federal government, through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), sponsored a multi-centered, randomized, controlled, clinical trial to evaluate two drugs to prevent the recurrence of depression in patients who have had at least one previous episode of the illness (Prien et al., Archives of General Psychiatry, 1984). The Study Design: The study was multi-centered. There were 5 medical clinics in major metropolitan areas across the country that participated in this trial. Using many clinics enabled the investigators to enroll many more patients into the study and allowed for more diversity in the patients who participated. There were 3 treatment groups. Patients received either Imipramine (Imip), Lithium (Li), or a Placebo (Pl) where Imip and Li are active drugs. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the 3 treatment groups. Like most other medical studies where new, unexplored treatments are evaluated, patients chose themselves to participate in the study by signing a consent form. Patients were followed for 2-4 years to see whether or not they had a recurrence of depression. If they did not have a recurrence within this time frame, then their treatment was considered a Success. If they did have a recurrence, it was considered a Failure. The study was double-blinded. A number of additional background variables were measured for each patient. Question Which of the drugs (if either) was more successful in preventing the recurrence of depression relative to the placebo? Variables Treat L=Lithium; I=Imipramine; P=Placebo Outcome S=Success F=Failure (recurrence of depression) Understanding the problem 3. Out of the first 10 individuals, how many had a reoccurrence of depression (2pts)? 4. Out of the first 10 individuals, how many used Imipramine (2pts)? 5. Out of the first 10 individuals who were assigned to the Lithium treatment group, how many had a recurrence of depression during the study (2pts)? Before analyzing the data and discovering which drug was most effective, how do you think the results could be used in practice once they are obtained (4pts)?

Adi S.

A clinical psychologist is interested in evaluating the effectiveness of the following three techniques for treating mild depression: cognitive restructuring, assertiveness training, and an exercise/nutrition program. Undergraduate students suffering from mild depression are randomly sampled from the university counseling center. Forty students are randomly assigned to one of the four techniques (placebo, cognitive restructuring, assertiveness training, exercise/nutrition program). Treatment is conducted for 10 weeks, after which depression is measured using the Beck Depression Scale. The post-treatment depression scores are given here. (Higher scores indicate greater depression.) Treatment Placebo Cognitive Restructuring Assertiveness Training Exercise/Nutrition 27 10 16 26 16 8 18 24 18 14 12 17 26 16 15 23 18 18 9 25 28 8 13 22 25 12 17 16 20 14 20 15 24 9 21 18 26 7 19 23 Re-analyze the data in problem number 1 as if the same 10 people received all 4 treatments (repeated measures) and answer the ANOVA questions below. ANOVA Questions 1. What was the ANOVA used for? 2. What did you find? 3. What is the ANOVA evidence supporting your inference? 4. What is the effect size? Post Hoc tests: 5. What did you use the t tests to compare? 6. What did you find? Or, what inference(s) do the comparisons allow you to make? In other words, what differences were found between/among the groups, if any. 7. What is the t-test evidence supporting each inference?

Madhur L.

Transcript

00:02 Here, the independent variable is the treatment condition distinguished between those receiving the new antidepressant and those receiving the placebo.

00:39 Then, dependent variable is the depression level measured on a scale from 1 to 7, 3 months later.

00:53 Then, here the scale of measurement for the dependent variable is interval.

00:59 Since, the scale has equal intervals between the categories, but there is no zero point.

01:05 Next, the research design within subjects design specifically are matched pairs design.

01:25 Since, each set of twins has one member receiving the drug and the other receiving the placebo...

Question

BY DAY 7 OF WEEK 5 Complete the Knowledge Check by Day 7 of Week 5. WALDEN UNIVERSITY Question 2 1 pts What is the primary therapeutic use of hydroxyzine in the treatment of anxiety? ? Antidepressant effects ? Sedative effects ? Antipsychotic effects ? Stimulant effects Previous Next

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