Complete each sentence with the appropriate term. Not all terms will be used. somatic cells one too few the germ line infertility autosomes one too many males sex chromosomes less death females a normal amount of Humans who have aneuploidy of the _________ are viable. A human who has Turner syndrome (XO) has the normal number of _________ and will produce the normal amount of proteins from gene on autosomes. A person who is XO has _________ X chromosomes. A Barr body will not form. Most X chromosome genes produce _________ protein. The few genes in the PAR region of the X chromosome remain active on all copies of the X chromosome. In _________ with Turner syndrome, those genes produce _________ protein in somatic cells than normal, leading to skeletal abnormalities. In _________, the Barr body is normally reactivated. In individuals with Turner syndrome, the lower dose of X chromosome gene expression in the female germ line leads to defective oogenesis and _________.
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Draw by hand (using a pencil or pen) and then take a picture or scan: Starting with interphase, draw the stages of mitosis in order for an animal cell with 4 chromosomes. Label each phase drawing with a title. On one or more of your drawings, label (when appropriate) i) nuclear envelope, ii) nucleolus, iii) chromatin, iv) centrosomes, v) spindle, vi) aster, vii) chromosomes, viii) sister chromatids, ix) centromere, x) kinetochore, xi) kinetochore microtubules, xii) nonkinetochore microtubules, xiii) metaphase plate, ixx) daughter chromosomes, xx) cleavage furrow. Include reference(s). (15 points) Type or hand write: In paragraph format, describe the human life cycle. Include a discussion of the ploidy of the cells within the cycle. Taking into account differences in male and female development, discuss when and where the following processes occur: i) mitosis, ii) meiosis, iii) fertilization. The following cell types should be specifically addressed: i) egg, ii) sperm, iii) polar bodies, iv) gametes, v) zygote. Include reference(s). (7 points) Type or hand write: Peas can be yellow (dominant) or green (recessive). A homozygous dominant pea plant is bred with a heterozygous pea plant. a. Perform a cross using an appropriate Punnet square. (3 points) b. What is the genotypic ratio? Use both symbols and words to describe each genotype in the ratio. (2 points) c. What is the phenotypic ratio? Describe how you determined the phenotype from the genotype. (1 point) Type or hand write: Reggie has sex-linked red/green color blindness. He marries Jodi, who is a carrier for color blindness. a. Perform a cross, using an appropriate Punnet square. (3 points) c. Does Reggie pass his red/green color blindness onto his sons? Explain why or why not. (1 point) Type or hand write: Corn kernel color is based on two genes. One gene is epistatic, and codes for "yes, pigment," (dominant) or "no pigment," (recessive). If there is no pigment, the corn is white. The second
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Next, you will model meiosis using both pairs of model chromosomes. At the beginning of Meiosis I each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up independently of how the other pairs of homologous chromosomes have lined up. This is called independent assortment. As a result of independent assortment, at the beginning of Meiosis I the as chromosome can be lined up on the same side as either the I chromosome or the L chromosome (see figure). Use your four model chromosomes to model Meiosis I and Meiosis II for both of the possible ways of lining up the model chromosomes at the beginning of Meiosis I. 12. Record the results of your modeling in this chart. Chromosomes at the beginning of Meiosis I Chromosomes at the end of Meiosis I Chromosomes at the end of Meiosis II Alleles in the gametes When a pair of homologous chromosomes is lined up next to each other during Meiosis I, the two homologous chromosomes can exchange parts of a chromatid. This is called crossing over. 13a. On each chromatid of the chromosomes in the bottom row of this figure, label the alleles for the genes for albinism and sickle cell anemia. When these chromosomes and chromatids separate during Meiosis I and II, this produces gametes with four different combinations of alleles for the genes for albinism and sickle cell anemia. 13b. The combinations of alleles in the different gametes are: AS
38. Translation is a process that (a) requires DNA ligase (b) converts RNA to DNA (c) is semi-conservative (d) requires tRNA, mRNA and ribosomes (e) produces a polysacharride 39. What is the order of the anticodon sequence if given the following DNA sequence (AGATTTCGCCCCAAA)? (a)UCUAAAGCGGGGUUU (b) TCTAAAGCGGGGTTT (c)AGATTTCGCCCCAAA (d) TCTUUUGCGGGTTT (e) AGAUUUCGCCCCAAA 40. The mating of F+ strains with F- strains can result in (a) the transfer of antibiotic resistant genes (b) the immediate production of a Hfr strain (c) transferring genes needed for conjugation and transfer to the recipient (d) integration of genes into the donor (e) the production of a capsule 41. Exonucleases are needed to (a) cut out RNA (b) needed for excision repair (c) photoreactivation (d) breakdown DNA-RNA strands (e) none of the above TRUE OR FALSE (2 pts) Mark A for True and B for False 42. Replica plating is a method for direct selection 43. RNA is a double stranded molecule in the case of tRNA. 44. Intercalating agents cause mismatch mutation only on the 5'-3' DNA strand. 45. Plasmids can replicate independently from the bacterial chromosome. 46. DNA polymerase 3and- synthesizes from a 5'-3' direction continuously on the leading strand. 47. Transposon are examples of a mobile gene pool. 48. In the process of transcription, the DNA(+) strand is needed to make mRNA. 49. The enzyme DNA helicase is needed to make a replication fork. 50. The terminator sequence stops the process of translation.
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