Congestion is a serious issue in communication networks. It is known that the process of allocation of resources in communication networks is intimately related to congestion. Please describe the following items as they relate to congestion in communication networks: (a) What are typical resources that are allocated to competing users in a communication network. (b) Describe at least two mechanisms of resource allocation in communication networks. (c) Describe what is meant by congestion control and congestion avoidance? Which one is better and why?
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* **Buffer space:** Memory allocated to store incoming packets at routers or switches. * **Processing power:** The computational resources required to process and forward packets. * **Connection time:** The duration for which a user is allowed to maintain a Show more…
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QUESTION 3 (14 marks) Answer the following questions concerning network utilisation and congestion. a) Explain the difference between flow control and congestion control, with reference to that part of an end-to-end telecommunication system that is running out of resources in each case. [2 marks] b) A "stop and wait" network transport protocol is used to transport 500 byte packets (including headers) at 100 Mbit/s over a network link that is 100 km long. Assuming the propagation speed is 0.7c, calculate the link utilisation assuming zero errors. (The speed of light, c, is 3 x 10⁸ m/s.) [3 marks] c) Instead of the "stop and wait" protocol in b) above, consider use of a sliding window protocol using the same packet size, transmission rate, network bit rate and distance between sender and receiver. What is the minimum length (in bits) of the sequence number that would be necessary to support this protocol? Explain the reasoning behind your answer. [4 marks] d) Despite what you have calculated in part c), suppose the sequence number that is actually used is 4 bits long. What is the maximum link utilisation in the case of zero errors? Explain how you obtained your answer. [3 marks] e) Explain any difference in the delay sensitivity between the following two audiovisual streaming applications: i. A video-on-demand service such as Netflix ii. A video calling application such as Facetime. By directly relating your explanation to their delay requirements, explain the suitability of each service to use UDP or TCP Transport Protocols. [2 marks]
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