Describe a Parasympathetic Pathway Complete each sentence describing the control of the heart by the parasympathetic nervous system. increase short epinephrine decrease acetylcholine thoracolumbar long postganglionic preganglionic craniosacral The parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the craniosacral division of the ANS. Its preganglionic fibers exiting the CNS at the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord. An example of a parasympathetic pathway is the innervation of the heart: The preganglionic nerve fibers carry action potentials from the brain toward the heart. These fibers pass through the cardiac plexus and end at terminal ganglia, where secretion of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine stimulates an action potential in the postganglionic fiber. Since the postganglionic fibers are long compared to the preganglionic fibers, impulses arrive relatively quickly at the heart tissue. The postganglionic fibers synapsing on cells in the heart release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine This parasympathetic neurotransmitter causes the heart rate and cardiac contraction to decrease
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Characterize the autonomic nervous system. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Questions: Differentiate between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. How many motor neurons are in the autonomic motor pathway? How many motor neurons are in the somatic motor pathway? Describe the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Where do the preganglionic fibers originate for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems? Where are the post ganglionic fibers located for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
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2. The headquarters (integrative centers) of the autonomic nervous system is located in the 3. Ganglion neurons of the ANS innervate visceral effectors such as glands. Name 3 other visceral effectors. 4. Fill in with one of the following: S = Sympathetic response P = Parasympathetic response rest and digest fight or flight increased heart rate heightened mental alertness increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands urination and defecation stimulation sweat glands activated increased motility and blood flow of digestive tract increased metabolic rate 5. Fill in the blank with one of the following neurotransmitters: A = acetylcholine N = norepinephrine adrenergic synapse sympathetic preganglionic fiber sympathetic postganglionic fiber parasympathetic preganglionic fiber parasympathetic postganglionic fiber 6. Fill in with one of the following: S = Sympathetic division characteristic P = Parasympathetic division characteristic craniosacral origin peripheral nervous system ganglion located near vertebral column preganglionic fiber short postganglionic fiber short thoracolumbar origin varicosities release transmitter near target cells preganglionic fiber long
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