Even the major theories of human development are challenged with a range of criticisms. The charge that the developmental stages are not accurate is directed toward theories of development. Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic) Behavioral Cognitive
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3. Compare and contrast at least three (3) theories of human development.
Kyle L.
1. The science of human development seeks to understand ____ A) the meaning of life B) the accuracy of new theories C) the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson D) how and why people change over time 2. Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the ____ debate. A) nature–nurture B) intelligent design–evolution C) genes–development D) traits–conditioning 3. Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) ____ period of prenatal development. A) sensitive B) critical C) early D) late 4. Dr. Bloom wanted to learn whether ice cream preferences change at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their ice cream preferences. Dr. Bloom conducted a ____ study. A) case B) cross-sectional C) longitudinal D) cross-sequential 5. The more parents read to their children, the higher their children score on achievement tests. This relationship between parents reading to their children and child achievement represents a(n) ____. A) causal relationship B) inverse correlational C) positive correlation D) negative correlation 6. ____ emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences with respect to development, whereas ____ emphasizes learning by association, reinforcement, or observation with respect to development. A) Psychoanalytic theory; behaviorism B) Psychoanalytic theory; cognitive theory C) Behaviorism; psychoanalytic theory D) Cognitive theory; psychoanalytic theory 7. Although many of the theorists who follow Freud's psychoanalytic theory have modified and expanded his ideas, they agree on the importance of ____. A) early childhood experiences and psychosexual conflicts B) psychosexual conflicts and the unconscious C) early childhood experiences and the unconscious D) psychosexual conflicts and stages of psychosexual development
Madhur L.
A major difference between the psychoanalytic stage theories (Freud and Erikson) and the more cognitive or experiential stage theories (Piaget and Kohlberg) is (A) the psychoanalytic theories are less empirical (B) the psychoanalytic theories were based exclusively on data from children with developmental disorders. (C) Freud and Erikson studied only young children, while Piaget and Kohlberg studied the full range of development. (D) only the psychoanalytic theories take parental effects into account (E) the psychoanalytic theories are continuous, the others are discontinuous.
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