Given what you know about protistan blood parasites, and using web-based resources or published studies, what hosts could be involved in the transmission of these parasites in frogs. Cite your sources
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Laboratory Exercise 26: Parasitic Protozoa Protozoa exist throughout aqueous environments and soil. Protozoa occupy a range of trophic levels. As predators, they prey upon unicellular or filamentous algae, bacteria, and microfungi. Protozoa play a role both as herbivores and as consumers in the decomposer link of the food chain. Protozoa also play a vital role in controlling bacteria populations and biomass. As components of the micro- and meiofauna, protozoa are an important food source for micro-invertebrates. Thus, the ecological role of protozoa in the transfer of bacterial and algal production to successive trophic levels is important. Entamoeba histolytica causes amebiasis in humans. Mode of transmission for this parasite is ingestion of mature cyst through contaminated food or water. The protozoan is not common in the US. The active stage called trophozoite exists only in the host and in fresh loose feces; cysts survive outside the host in water, soils and on foods. When cysts are swallowed they transform to motile trophozoite in the digestive tract. The main habitat is human colon. Giardia lamblia (common name Giardia) lives in human intestines and is passed in the stool. The parasite has form of cyst, which can survive outside the host body for long periods of time. Giardia lamblia causes disease called Giardiasis, which is basically a diarrheal illness. Human can get infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite. Trypanosoma spp. includes Trypanosoma brucei, cause African sleeping disease and Trypanosoma cruzi, cause of Chagas disease in South America. The parasite has two hosts in its life cycle: biological vector (Tsetse fly for Trypanosoma brucei and Triatoma, (kissing bug) for Trypanosoma cruzi) and mammalian host. The parasite lives in the gut of the fly or kissing bug until it migrates to the salivary glands for injection to the mammalian host. The parasite lives within the bloodstream where it can infect again after biological vector bites host again. The parasite may migrate to other areas of the host. Plasmodium is responsible for malaria. Extremely widespread, malaria is now mainly confined to Africa, Asia and Latin America. The parasite has two hosts in its life cycle: a mosquito biological vector (female Anopheles mosquito) and human. Plasmodium develops in the gut of the mosquito, and is passed on in the saliva of an infected insect when it bites a human. The parasites are then carried by the blood to the victim's liver where they invade the cells and multiply. Materials: Entamoeba histolytica Trypanosoma Giardia lamblia Plasmodium
Sri K.
Variation of surface molecules of the Giardia lamblia trophozoite aids in its evasion of the host immune system. Both malaria and lymphatic filariasis are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. How does their mode of transmission differ? A single bite from a single mosquito is enough to cause malaria, whereas exactly two bites, occurring within a few days, are needed to cause lymphatic filariasis. Unlike malaria, which can be caused by one of five different species of Plasmodium, lymphatic filariasis is caused by only a single species, Wuchereria bancrofti. Malaria is transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes, whereas lymphatic filariasis is transmitted only by Culex mosquitoes. The malarial parasite Plasmodium is directly injected into the host's bloodstream by the mosquito, whereas the filarial parasite's larva (e.g., Wuchereria bancrofti) is deposited on the host's skin near the bite and later crawls into the bite wound. Amoebas... ...are found in many diverse eukaryotic clades, but do not form a clade themselves. ...never form spore-releasing structures or shells. ...include human parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica and Naegleria fowleri. ...are cells that move and/or feed with pseudopodia.
Shaiju T.
Malaria is caused by four species of the genus [ Select ], which is transmitted by [ Select ] mosquitoes. The life cycle of this parasite has three stages: the [ Select ] cycle, where sporozoites injected by a female mosquito infect the host's liver, the [ Select ] cycle, where merozoites penetrate red blood cells and become ring-shaped trophozoites, lysing the erythrocytes, and the [ Select ] cycle where a female mosquito feeding on an infected human ingests gametocytes within erythrocytes, develop into gametes, with male gametes fertilizing female gametes to produce zygotes, which develop in sporozoites ready for transmission to new host. Virulence factors of Plasmodium include the following: protein assemblage called the [ Select ] which injects toxins and enzymes into host cells, [ Select ] which enable infected red blood cells to adhere to certain tissues and vascular endothelium, evading clearance by spleen. Tularemia is a a zoonotic disease transmissible to humans, cause by [ Select ]. This nonmotile, aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus has a [ Select ] that discourages phagocytosis, and can inhibit the fusion of [ Select ] with phagocytic vesicles. It also produces [ Select ] which accounts for many of the signs and symptoms of tularemia.
Suman K.
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