In a passive pressure gauge, the pressure of the fluid is translated into a movement of a pointer against a scale. To minimize the disturbance of the measured system, the measuring instrument resistance Rm should be as high as possible. An ultrasonic flowmeter is a sensor used in conductive fluid to determine the velocity of a fluid flowing in a pipe. In a Rotameter, the height of the float is inversely proportional to the flow rate. A proximity sensor is able to detect the presence of nearby objects without physical contact. Pneumatic load cells operate on the force-balance principle. Conventional electromagnetic flowmeters require a minimum fluid conductivity of 10 S/cm3. Creep creates temporary deformation of load cells in a mass measurement system. In an LVDT, the object whose translational displacement is to be measured is mechanically attached to the central iron core of the transformer. In the case of potentiometers, d.c. excitation must be avoided because of the problem that harmonics in the power supply would cause.