How are proteins imported into the thylakoids of chloroplasts? Describe the source or sources of energy needed for unidirectional translocation across the membrane in (a) cotranslational translocation into the ER, (b) post-translational translocation into the ER, and (c) translocation into the mitochondrial matrix. In the absence of targeting information, what is the default location of proteins synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes? What are the general features of an N-terminal signal sequence that targets secretory proteins to the ER? What are the general features of mitochondrial matrix-targeting sequences?
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Explain the steps by which the following proteins are made from their place of manufacture to their place of destination (specify which organelle or place of destination is if this information can be deduced by the identity of the protein). a) Proteins with multiple transmembrane domains set up in the electron transport chain. b) A citric acid cycle protein (Krebs cycle) c) A regulatory protein of nuclear genes. d) A receptor coupled to a G protein intended for the plasma membrane (describe the initial translocation only and not its transport to the plasma membrane).
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Organelles: Trace the path of a secreted protein through the various organelles which it will encounter. What might be happening to the protein in each of these organelles? Describe how a secreted protein gets targeted to the secretion pathway during gene expression: Path of a Secretory Protein Through the Endomembrane System. Proteins destined for secretion are made on ribosomes bound to the RER. The proteins move through the endomembrane system and are dispatched from the Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles that move through the cytoplasm and then fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein to the outside of the cell. Examples of secretory proteins are collagen, insulin, and digestive enzymes of the stomach and intestine. In a similar way, proteins destined for a particular cell organelle move to the organelle in transport vesicles that deposit their contents in the organelle by membrane fusion.
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Where does protein synthesis take place? A) in the nucleolus B) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) on ribosomes D) in the nucleus E) in the Golgi apparatus 29. A cell you view under a microscope has a cell wall and chromosomes but no nucleus. The cell you are viewing could be a a) human muscle cell. b) cell from the leaf of a maple tree. c) bacterium recovered from the large intestine of a mammal. d) cell from the skin of a potato 30. Which of the following cell structures is (are) found in both animal and plant cells? A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) centrioles D) large central vacuole E) cell wall Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum ER in______ cells. A) brain B) lung C) liver D) intestinal E) muscle 31. Instructions: Complete the table below with either the organelle performing the stated function, or the function performed by the organelle listed: Organelle | Function --- | --- | Synthesis of components of the ribosome | Digests worn out organelles and cells Microtubules | Golgi Apparatus | | Synthesis of proteins used inside a cell Mitochondria | Vacuole | Cilia |
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