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Step 1: Bird and human flu viruses can mix and match RNA strands in infected pig cells. Show more…
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Avian influenza viruses readily infect birds, but are transmitted to humans very rarely. Similarly, human influenza viruses spread readily to other humans, but have never been detected in birds. The key to this specificity lies in the viral capsid protein, hemagglutinin, which binds to sialic acid residues on cell-surface glycoproteins, triggering virus entry into the cell (Movie 23.8 ). Hemagglutinin on human viruses recognizes sialic acid in a $2-6$ linkage with galactose, whereas avian hemagglutinin recognizes sialic acid in a $2-3$ linkage with galactose. Humans make carbohydrate chains that have only the $2-6$ linkage between sialic acid and galactose; birds make only the $2-3$ linkage; but pigs make carbohydrate chains with both linkages. How does this situation make pigs ideal hosts for generating new strains of human influenza viruses?
Evolution and the influenza virus (Keyboard Navigable Alternate Version) Complete the following paragraph to describe how an animal virus may evolve into a strain that is harmful to human. a. Certain types of influenza virus originate in an (Click to select) host, like a bird. b. The avian influenza virus may typically infect and transmit the virus among (Click to select) animal species at a time. c. In some instances, an (Click to select) host, like a pig, allows for the exchange of (Click to select) between two different strains of the influenza virus: an avian influenza strain and a human virus strain. d. The exchange of genetic material allows the influenza virus to (Click to select) into a new form. e. The virus can now be transmitted to a (Click to select) host, such as humans, and spread easily from person to person causing a flu outbreak.
Sri K.
The flu vaccine is constantly reviewed and reformulated because _____. a. WHO has no idea which flu strain will cause the next epidemic b. influenza B viruses are hard to isolate in the lab c. the avian flu may some day mutate to an airborne form d. influenza A viruses mutate quickly, necessitating new vaccines
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