Q1. Given the characteristics and taxa shown below: (2 pts) Fill in the table below with an X in the characters that fit the animals. The first row is partially completed for you. Use information from the textbook and from the posted lecture slides if you are unsure of the character. Look up the animals if you are unsure what they are. Vertebrate Taxa Characters | Shark | Salamander | Penguin | Duck-billed Platypus | Gray Wolf Vertebrae | X | X | X | X | X Four limbs (includes wings) | | X | | X | X Amniote (egg in shell or protected embryo inside) | | X | | | Mammary glands | | | | | Placenta | | | | |
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The following is a chart demonstrating the shared derived traits among several clades of animals. The row across the top represents the animals, and the column on the left represents a trait. An X in the box shows which animals have the particular trait, and which do not. Take out a piece of paper and draw a diagonal line. Then add the nodes and draw in which species drop off at each node. In other words, construct a cladogram for this chart. Chart of Traits and Species Rhesus Snapping Kangaroo Lamprey Bullfrog Human Tuna Monkey Turtle Dorsal Nerve Cord X X X X X X X Vertebral column X X X X X X Paired legs X X X X X Amniotic sac X X X X Mammary Glands X X Placenta X X Foramen magnum forward X TOTALS of Xs 5 1 6 3 4 2 Amnion (a membrane that holds in the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo; may or may not be inside an eggshell)
Madhur L.
2. (7 pts) Construct a cladogram to demonstrate the evolutionary relationships of five species based on the characteristics presented in the table below. The column that has "X" indicates the organism has that particular characteristic. Label the derived traits on the cladogram.
Shagun K.
There are three groups of living mammals. The placental mammals include cats, dogs, and humans. The marsupials include kangaroos, koalas, and wombats. The monotremes include the echidnas and the duck-billed platypus. All mammals are related. The table below includes the characteristics of each group in terms of the presence (Yes) or absence (No) of a specific trait. IMPORTANT: The 'reptile' group represents the baseline for comparison (called an outgroup). The reptile characteristics do not represent the most recent common ancestor of all mammals. Table of Characteristics for Three Groups of Mammals and a Generalized Reptile Group | Placental | Marsupial | Monotreme | Reptile --------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-------- Scientific Name | Eutheria | Metatheria | Protheria | Reptilia Trait # | Letter | Trait | E | M 1 | Adult Teeth | Yes | Yes | No | Yes 2 | Body Hair | Yes | Yes | Yes | No 3 | Lays Eggs | No | No | Yes | Yes 4 | Milk for Young | Yes | Yes | Yes | No 5 | Pouch for Young | No | Yes | Yes | No 6 | Separate Openings for Birth and Excretion | Yes | Yes | No | No List the primitive characteristics of the most recent common ancestor of all mammals. IMPORTANT: For each trait, the state is Yes (= present) or No (= absent). [6 TIPS] Trait | State ------|------ 1 | Yes 2 | Yes 3 | Yes 4 | No 5 | No 6 | No Draw a tree-diagram (branching diagram). IMPORTANT: Include the three groups of mammals and the reptile outgroup. Use the letters to label some nodes. [4 TIPS] List the derived characteristics at each node. List the primitive characteristics at the root. At each branch node, list the derived characteristics (change in characteristics). IMPORTANT: Do not list any characteristic more than once, unless a characteristic evolved more than once, or changed back. [6 x 0.5 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 10 TIPS]
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