Question

1a. Explain how the proton gradient is formed in mitochondria. Be sure to address where the "energy" originates from and how the "energy" is transferred. 1b. How is the "energy" in the form of a proton gradient converted to ATP? Please provide some detail on the molecular mechanism. 2. For what reaction in the process of oxidizing glucose is O2 actually used? 3a. In the absence of O2 what happens to the process of electron transport? Explain. 3b. In the absence of O2 what happens to the oxidation/reduction state of the proteins in the electron transport chain? 3c. What would happen to these proteins if O2 was very rapidly reintroduced to the system? 4. What is the biochemical reason that cells use fermentation (discussed in Ch13) to continue metabolism in the absence of oxygen? Why can't cells simply continue with glycolysis and dump pyruvate as a waste product? 5a. The "high-energy" electron transport molecule FADH2 is produced by the citric acid cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (see Panel 13-2). The redox potential of FADH2 (a proxy for how much energy this molecule carries) is -220 mV. Examine figure 14-24 on pg 467. FADH2 is too low in energy to transfer its electrons to the NADH dehydrogenase complex. Propose an alternative pathway for FADH2 to enter the electron transport chain.

          1a. Explain how the proton gradient is formed in mitochondria. Be sure to address
where the "energy" originates from and how the "energy" is transferred.
1b. How is the "energy" in the form of a proton gradient converted to ATP? Please
provide some detail on the molecular mechanism.
2. For what reaction in the process of oxidizing glucose is O2 actually used?
3a. In the absence of O2 what happens to the process of electron transport? Explain.
3b. In the absence of O2 what happens to the oxidation/reduction state of the
proteins in the electron transport chain?
3c. What would happen to these proteins if O2 was very rapidly reintroduced to the
system?
4. What is the biochemical reason that cells use fermentation (discussed in Ch13) to
continue metabolism in the absence of oxygen? Why can't cells simply continue with
glycolysis and dump pyruvate as a waste product?
5a. The "high-energy" electron transport molecule FADH2 is produced by the citric
acid cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (see Panel 13-2). The redox potential of
FADH2 (a proxy for how much energy this molecule carries) is -220 mV. Examine figure
14-24 on pg 467. FADH2 is too low in energy to transfer its electrons to the NADH
dehydrogenase complex. Propose an alternative pathway for FADH2 to enter the
electron transport chain.

1a. Explain how the proton gradient is formed in mitochondria. Be sure to address
where the "energy" originates from and how the "energy" is transferred.
1b. How is the "energy" in the form of a proton gradient converted to ATP? Please
provide some detail on the molecular mechanism.
2. For what reaction in the process of oxidizing glucose is O2 actually used?
3a. In the absence of O2 what happens to the process of electron transport? Explain.
3b. In the absence of O2 what happens to the oxidation/reduction state of the
proteins in the electron transport chain?
3c. What would happen to these proteins if O2 was very rapidly reintroduced to the
system?
4. What is the biochemical reason that cells use fermentation (discussed in Ch13) to
continue metabolism in the absence of oxygen? Why can't cells simply continue with
glycolysis and dump pyruvate as a waste product?
5a. The "high-energy" electron transport molecule FADH2 is produced by the citric
acid cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (see Panel 13-2). The redox potential of
FADH2 (a proxy for how much energy this molecule carries) is -220 mV. Examine figure
14-24 on pg 467. FADH2 is too low in energy to transfer its electrons to the NADH
dehydrogenase complex. Propose an alternative pathway for FADH2 to enter the
electron transport chain.

Added by Mohamed S.

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