Question 10 (10 points) Use the following table of generic character traits to develop a cladogram depicting the proposed evolutionary relationships among the taxa. Most traits are dichotomous (have two states, indicated as "yes" or "no"); however, Trait #1 has three states, indicated by color. We have labeled the Outgroup to get you started. Taxa Trait 1 Trait 2 Trait 3 Trait 4 Trait 5 Trait 6 Trait 7 Trait 8 Trait 9 Trait 10 Outgroup blue yes no no no no yes no no no A blue no yes no no yes yes yes yes yes B orange no yes no no yes yes yes yes yes C orange no yes no no yes yes no no yes D blue no no no no no yes no no yes E purple no yes no no yes yes yes no yes F purple no no yes yes yes no yes no yes G purple no no yes no yes no yes no yes H purple no no yes yes yes no yes no yes I purple no no no no yes no yes no yes Your final cladogram must include all taxa in the table, with all necessary trait transition points clearly labeled. When you place the transition points for the "color" trait, indicate which state has evolved in brackets (see example tree). There should be no polytomies in your final cladogram. Here is an example of the level of detail we are looking for: Taxa $ Taxa & Taxa # Taxa @ Trait 1 Trait 2 (green)
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The wings of a vulture (a flying bird) and the wings of a butterfly (a flying insect) are analogous (or homoplasious) to each other, but not homologous to each other, because they: A. serve different functions, but are derived from the same anatomical (embryological) structures B. serve different functions, and are not derived from the same anatomical (embryological) structures C. serve the same function, and are derived from the same anatomical (embryological) structures D. serve the same function, but are not derived from the same anatomical (embryological) structures E. all of the above
Sri K.
Evolution by natural selection proceeds when the relative fitness of alleles (and thus of genotypes and traits) are unequal. Those alleles that give individuals an advantage by making them better suited for their environment will increase in frequency and those that produce a disadvantage and make individuals less fit to their environment will decrease in frequency. a. (10 points) For two of the following traits, speculate on why the trait is advantageous. Note- a trait can also involve the diminution of a feature or a behavior... - Purple leaves on bougainvillea (If you're not familiar with the plant, find a picture online. Those pink/purple bits are leaves not flowers. The flowers are much smaller and white.) - The pen-tailed shrew's ability to drink fermented palm nectar and not become intoxicated - The bar-tailed godwit's ability to fly from Alaska to New Zealand (over 7000 miles) in nine days without stopping for food or water - The flightless cormorant (a bird endemic to the Galapagos islands) has small wings that are only about 1/3 the size needed for a bird of its proportions to fly b. (10 points) As the environment changes, the relative fitness of the traits will change. For two of the following environmental changes, speculate on what trait may confer an advantage to the species and thus how evolution may proceed. (Remember that natural selection proceeds by tinkering--the change you envision can't be too radical. Mammals aren't going to evolve gills overnight. Holding their breath longer or otherwise modifying the use of their lungs for use underwater, okay; but not an entirely different respiratory system.) - Increased sediment in a river darkens the water so that the female of a fish species can't distinguish between the males of her species and the males of a related species. In the absence of the information, she won't mate. How does the fish species evolve? - A particular species of bird preys on a particular species of frog because the frog's adult size is "just right." The population of this frog species is on the decline because of toxins in the wetlands. How will the bird evolve? - A plant species is facing increasing predation by caterpillars. How will it evolve?
Jennifer N.
TRAITS TAXA W 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 Y 0 0 0 Outgroup 0 0 0 33-37. Use the data matrix above to answer the following questions about the phylogenies implied by the data. Species are W, X, Y, and an Outgroup species for use in the cladistic analysis only. The traits are #1, #2, and #3, and they have been scored for presence (1) or absence (0) in each of the species. 33. Consider a phenogram based on similarities. You do not need to draw the phenogram, but indicate which two taxa would cluster the closest in this tree. A) W and X B) W and Y C) X and Y 34. Consider a cladogram that is most parsimonious given these same data, now considering also the Outgroup taxon. Which two taxa would cluster the closest in this tree? A) W and X B) W and Y C) X and Y 35. In the cladogram, trait #1 is a A) pleisiomorphy B) sympleisiomorphy C) apomorphy D) synapomorphy 36. In the cladogram, trait #2 is a A) pleisiomorphy B) sympleisiomorphy C) apomorphy D) synapomorphy 37. In the cladogram, trait #3 is a A) pleisiomorphy B) sympleisiomorphy C) apomorphy D) synapomorphy
Adi S.
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