In an experiment on the learning ability of toads versus frogs, the ___ variable would be ____. Question 4Answer a. dependent; learning ability b. independent; toads vs frogs c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
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How do the test variables (independent variables) and outcome variables (dependent variables) in an experiment compare? A. The outcome variable (dependent variable) controls the test variable (independent variable). B. The test variable (independent variable) controls the outcome variable (dependent variable). C. The test variable (independent variable) and outcome variable (dependent variable) have no affect on each other. D. The test variables (independent variables) and outcome variables (dependent variables) are the same things.
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Problem Set 1.1: Identifying Variables (Dependent, Independent, Quasi-Independent) Criterion: Identify dependent and independent variables. Instructions: For the following list of examples, identify the dependent variable and independent (or quasi-independent) variable. Dependent variable - The variable that is studied by the researcher. Independent variable - The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher to find the corresponding variation in the dependent variable. Quasi-Independent variable – The variable cannot be manipulated by the researcher, they simply exist. 1. A researcher tests whether cocaine use increases impulsive behavior in a sample of cocaine-dependent and cocaine-inexperienced mice. 2. A professor tests whether students perform better on a multiple-choice or fill-in-the-blank test format. 3. A researcher tests whether smoking by parents influences children's attitudes toward smoking behavior. 4. A social scientist tests whether attitudes toward morality differ based on political affiliation (Democrat or Republican). 5. A cultural researcher tests whether individuals from different cultures share or differ in the belief that dreams have meaning.
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We observe a frog that carries its babies on its back away from where the eggs hatched. Below are two questions about this observation. (X) Does the frog do this to move the babies to place where they will be safer? (Y) Why does the frog expend time and energy moving its offspring from the place where they were “born”? Which of the two is a true causal question? a. X, because this is the more specific of the two questions b. X, because we can test this idea but not the idea presented in Y c. Y, because this statement tells what we should expect to find in nature d. Y, because it is not a hypothesis itself but could be answered by a hypothesis
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