In the light reactions, electrons boosted from photosystem II pass along the electron transport chain and are used to create a proton gradient, which is needed to produce NADPH by chemiosmotic phosphorylation.
ADP
Starch
Electrons boosted from photosystem II are used to reduce NADP+, which carries the electrons to the Calvin cycle.
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
In the first step of the Calvin cycle, the enzyme rubisco, which is present in all plants, adds CO2 to a five-carbon sugar.
Lactase
Rubisco
Then, using the energy and electrons from the light reactions, the three-carbon molecule formed from PGA.
Oxygen
Proton
Two phosphoglyceraldehyde molecules are combined to form one molecule of PGAL, which plants use to synthesize polysaccharides such as starch.
NADP
PGAL
ATP