Ionotropic receptors may let in ions, which can then act as a second messenger. Activating a metabotropic receptor can result in changes in the levels of a second messenger. Which of the following is NOT true of vesicular recycling? a. It occurs through a process known as endocytosis. b. Without it, the neuron would grow progressively larger as vesicular membrane was added to the terminal. c. New vesicles for classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are re-formed and filled in the terminal. d. All of the above are true. Inactivation of neurotransmitters can be accomplished by: a. enzymatic breakdown in the synaptic cleft. b. transport back into the presynaptic cell. c. transport into nearby glial cells. d. All of the above.
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Ionotropic receptors may let in _______, which can then act as a(n) _______. Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that open when a neurotransmitter binds to them. Calcium ions (Ca2+) can act as second messengers in the cell, so the correct answer is Show more…
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2. What is one main difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors? A. Metabotropic receptors form ion channel pores for direct movement of ions, whereas ionotropic receptors don't. B. Only metabotropic receptors can be activated by neurotransmitters. C. Ionotropic receptors form ion channel pores for direct movement of ions, whereas metabotropic receptors don't. D. Activators of ionotropic receptors are called agonists, whereas activators of metabotropic receptors are called antagonists. 3. Which of the following statements about loading synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter (NT) molecules is INCORRECT? A. The loading of synaptic vesicles with NT is facilitated by a proton gradient. B. The inside of the synaptic vesicles is acidified prior to loading. C. Loading of NT is preceded by the activity of the vacuolar hydrogen ATPase. D. The vesicle sodium/potassium ATPase establishes a sodium gradient needed to load NT into vesicles. 4. Which statement about exocytosis of neurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles is INCORRECT? A. Vesicles have to be docked and primed before they can be exocytosed. B. SNARE proteins interact in order for fusion to take place. C. Synaptotagmin is a T-SNARE protein, which acts as a calcium sensor. D. Calcium enters the terminal in close proximity to vesicles' location.
Adi S.
Which of the following are characteristic of synapses in which acetylcholine (ACh) is released? They can have different effects depending on the type of postsynaptic receptor. They are found in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Which is NOT a step in neurotransmission? Activation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell. Ca2+ entry into the axon terminal. Synthesis and packaging of neurotransmitter. Release of neurotransmitter. Entry of neurotransmitter into the postsynaptic cell. Exocytosis is initiated by Ca2+ directly interacting with synaptotagmin. A common function of autoreceptors is to decrease neurotransmitter release.
Keemin L.
2. Arrange the following terms to describe the sequence of events that happens after a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a postsynaptic neuron. Phrases may be used more than once. a. action potential fires at axon hillock b. axon hillock reaches threshold c. cell depolarizes d. exocytosis e. graded potential occurs f. receptor-regulated ion channel opens g. local current flow h. saltatory conduction i. voltage-regulated Ca2+ channels open j. voltage-regulated K+ channels open k. voltage-regulated Na+ open 3. Arrange these events in the proper sequence: ___ Efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. ___ Afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. ___ Effector organ responds by performing output. ___ Integrating center reaches decision about response. ___ Sensory organ detects change in the environment. 4. Indicate which neurons are being described, using the answer code just below. (A description may apply to more than one class of neurons). a. afferent neurons b. efferent neurons c. interneurons (association neurons) ___ have receptors on peripheral branches in the skin, muscles, joints or internal organs ___ lie entirely within the CNS ___ lie primarily with the peripheral nervous system ___ innervate (form synapses with) muscles and glands ___ cell body is devoid of presynaptic inputs ___ responsible for thoughts, emotions, memory, etc. 5. When acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors, a. the cell's response is mediated by G proteins. b. the response is excitatory or inhibitory. c. Na+ channels open. d. All of the above are appropriate. 6. Which of these structures is innervated almost exclusively by the sympathetic division? a. gastrointestinal tract b. heart c. urinary bladder d. reproductive tract e. blood vessels
Madhur L.
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