Name, describe, give examples of the bacterial shapes and planes of cell division arrangement
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Chapter 3 6. [03-01] Morphology of prokaryotic cells – describe seven types of bacterial cell shapes and six types of bacterial cell grouping. Give bacterial examples – Lecture 1, Slide 22 – Cell shapes: 1) Coccus – rounded cells (Staphylococcus); 2) Bacillus – rod-like cells (Bacillus); 3) Coccobacillus – short rod (Bordetella); 4) Vibrio – short curved rod (Vibrio); 5) Spirillum – curved rod long enough to form spirals (Rhodospirillum); 6) Spirochete – helical cell with axial filament (Borrelia); 7) Pleomorphic – bacteria with varying shape (Mycoplasma). Cell groupings: 1) Diplococci – cocci in pairs (Neisseria); 2) Streptococci – cocci in chains (Streptococcus); 3) Streptobacilli – bacilli in chains (Bacillus anthracis); 4) Clusters – cocci in groups resembling grapes (Staphylococcus); 5) Packets – cocci in cubical arrangements (Sarcina); 6) Tetrads – cocci in groups of four cells (Micrococcus) 7. [03-02] Describe biofilm formation by bacterial cells. Why is biofilm formed by bacterial cells can affect human health? – Lecture 1, Slide 23 – 8. [03-03] Describe the general structure and functions of plasma membrane – Lecture 1, Slides 24, 25 – 9. [03-04] Compare the structure and properties of cell walls of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Acid-fast bacteria – Lecture 1, Slides 26-27 – Cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has thick layer of peptidoglycan that is attached to plasma membrane by teichoic acid. Cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria has thin layer of peptidoglycan that is sandwiched between plasma membrane and outer membrane. Outer membrane has lipid A and lipopolysaccharides that are part of endotoxin. Due to presence of outer membrane, Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria. Cell wall of acid-fast bacteria has thick layer of peptidoglycan, which is covered by layers of lipopolysaccharides, mycolic acids, lipids and waxy material that makes the cell wall very hydrophobic. This makes acid-fast bacteria naturally resistant to antibiotic treatment and treatment of infection takes exceptionally long time. 10.[03-05] Why are Gram-positive bacteria generally more sensitive to antibiotics than Gram-negative and Acid-fast bacteria? – Lecture 1, Slide 27 – 11.[03-06] Compare bacterial flagella to bacterial pili. Name bacterial species that have flagella. Name bacterial species that have pili but not flagella – Lecture 1, Slide 28 – 12.[03-07] Describe sporulation of bacteria. Name bacterial groups that can form endospores and those that cannot form endospores – Lecture 1, Slides 32-33 – 13.[03-08] Compare the properties of bacterial cell and endospore – Lecture 1, Slide 34 – 14.[03-09] Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by describing their similarities and differences – Lecture 1, Slide 37 –
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