of Bacillus species begin the sporulation process with an asymmetric cell division to produce two cells with different fates. One will differentiate into the endospore, and the other is the sporangium that will ultimately lyse to release the mature endospore. During this asymmetric cell division, one of the compartments does not receive an intact copy of the chromosome. Which compartment can function with only part of the genome and why? Select one: a. The sporangium; much of the genome is "junk DNA" and not required for endospore maturation. b. The endospore; the endospore is built from the outside via the sporangium and not from the inside. c. The sporangium; it supports endospore development and then lyses. d. The endospore; it is a dormant stage and requires very little to maintain its dormancy.
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- Bacillus species undergo sporulation, which involves asymmetric cell division. - This division produces two cells: one becomes the endospore, and the other becomes the sporangium. - The sporangium eventually lyses to release the mature endospore. - One of these Show more…
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Bacterial endospores form when the environment is no longer conducive to active cell metabolism. The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, for example, begins the process of sporulation when one or more nutrients are depleted. The end product is a small, metabolically dormant structure that can survive almost indefinitely with no detectable metabolism. Spores have mechanisms to prevent accumulation of potentially lethal mutations in their DNA over periods of dormancy that can exceed 1,000 years. $B$. subtilis spores are much more resistant than are the organism's growing cells to heat, UV radiation, and oxidizing agents, all of which promote mutations. (a) One factor that prevents potential DNA damage in spores is their greatly decreased water content. How would this affect some types of mutations? (b) Endospores have a category of proteins called small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) that bind to their DNA, preventing formation of cyclobutane-type dimers. What causes cyclobutane dimers, and why do bacterial endospores need mechanisms to prevent their formation?
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Sporulation is a process by which: A. Endospore-formers can reproduce and increase their population size. B. A subset of gram-positive species can survive harsh environmental conditions when an inert endospore is revived under favorable environmental conditions. C. The differentiation of the cell is determined by the phosphorylation state of sigma factors. In nature, most species of prokaryotes: A. Form endospores. B. Exist as single cells. C. Grow as biofilms. D. Digest only sugars. What is not a method prokaryotes use to survive stressful conditions? A. Grouping into multicellular structures. B. Altering their cell wall to increase toughness. C. Increased motility to leave for better conditions. D. Forming specialized spores to withstand harsh conditions. E. All of these are methods prokaryotes use.
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A mixed culture of Bacillus megaterium and Escherichia coli is fixed, and endospores stained. Using colored pencils, draw multiple cells of each bacterial species, as they appear in the vision field under the microscope at the end of a successful endospore staining. Both cell types are rod-shaped (bacilli). Mark the total magnification used. Pay attention to cell size! Suppose B. megaterium cells are 5 μm long, E. coli cells are 2 μm long, and the vision field is 0.04 mm in diameter. Additional requirement: • draw at least two (2) cells with internal endospores o one is subterminal o one is central • draw at least two (2) free endospores (have already been released from the vegetative cell)
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