or higher energy?) form of the molecule. c. Aerobic: _presence of oxygen_ d. Anaerobic: e. NADH: (do not simply state what the lette You need to provide a definition. What is NADH?): NADH is the (oxidized or reduced?) form of this molecule. NADH is the energy or high energy?) form of this molecule. f. ATP: (do not simply state what the letters You need to provide a definition. What very important function does it have in our cel stores energy in the high energy bonds between the (what groups?). and g. Using the terms that we use in BIOL&160, the 4 major steps of cellular respiration are Cellular respiration occurs un (aerobic or anaerobic?) conditions and produces (how many?) ATP per glucose. h. Fermentation occurs during Fermentation regenerates a(n) (aerobic or anaerobic?) conditio (roduced
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It is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), meaning it has gained electrons and is carrying energy in the form of high-energy electrons. Show more…
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The first step in the process of cellular respiration is glycolysis, in which glucose is converted to pyruvate, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. This process creates 2 net ATP. In order for glycolysis to continue repeatedly, NADH must be oxidized back to NAD+. (Note: You may want to review Figure 1 on p. 62 in the lab manual, shown below, and the Fermentation video in the Canvas module to answer the two questions below.) a. In the presence of oxygen, how is NADH oxidized back to NAD+? (1 pt) b. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen, so it cannot use the same process to regenerate NAD+. How does alcoholic fermentation solve the problem of converting NADH to NAD+ so that glycolysis (and therefore ATP production) can continue? (1 pt)
Shakti R.
Fermentation 1. __________ (the organic final electron acceptor) gains electrons from NADH and becomes __________ acid in some bacteria which produce yogurt, such as __________ (name of bacteria). 2. __________ (a gas) and __________ (an organic compound) are produced by yeast fermentation. e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3. __________ (an electron carrier) loses electrons and becomes __________ (an electron carrier), which goes back into glycolysis. Steps in aerobic cell respiration in prokaryotes 1. One __________ ( 3 carbon molecule produced by glycolysis) and coenzyme A enter the "acetyl-CoA step" to produce one acetyl-CoA and one carbon dioxide molecule. This reaction occurs twice per glucose molecule. NAD+ is used to collect electrons and NADH is produced. Krebs cycle 2. During each __________ cycle, 2 molecules of the gas __________ are produced, __________ are collected by 1 FAD and 3 NAD, and 1 ATP molecule is produced. This cycle occurs twice per glucose molecule. FADH2 and NADH are produced. ETS and chemiosmosis 3. FADH2 and NADH give electrons to the electron __________ system (ETS). The ETS is located in the plasma membrane of bacteria and is made of proteins and other molecules in the membrane. 4. In chemiosmosis, __________ are pumped out of the bacterial cell using the energy provided by __________ flowing down the ETS. Then the __________ flow into the cell through the ATP synthase and __________ is made. 5. A maximum of __________ ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration. 6. Who won a Nobel Prize for his work on chemiosmosis? __________ Additional practice questions 1. What is the difference between aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic cellular respiration? 2. If an organism is an obligate anaerobe, what biochemical processes could this organism use to produce ATP? 3. What are the 2 electron carriers mentioned on this worksheet? -NADH and Coenzyme
Suman K.
Title: Stages of Aerobic Respiration and the Role of NADH and FADH2 in ATP Synthesis 'During aerobic respiration, there are five stages that occur in a specific sequence. These stages are as follows: 1. Glycolysis: This is the initial stage where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen. 2. Pyruvate Oxidation: In this stage, each pyruvate molecule is converted into acetyl-CoA. This conversion takes place in the mitochondria and produces NADH as a byproduct. 3. Citric Acid Cycle: Also known as the Krebs cycle, this stage involves a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria. Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and undergoes a series of transformations, resulting in the production of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. 4. Electron Transport Chain: This stage takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH and FADH2 from the previous stages donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. This process generates a proton gradient, which is used to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. 5. ATP Synthesis: The final stage involves the synthesis of ATP using the energy generated from the electron transport chain. This occurs in the mitochondria and is the main source of ATP production in aerobic respiration. The intermediate molecules in the citric acid cycle include citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate. These molecules undergo various transformations during the cycle. NADH and FADH2 play a crucial role in ATP synthesis. They act as electron carriers, donating their electrons to the electron transport chain. This transfer of electrons generates a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of ATP. NADH and FADH2 are often represented as "baskets" in lecture slides to symbolize their role in carrying electrons and contributing to ATP production. In summary, the stages of aerobic respiration, including glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, are interconnected processes that ultimately lead to the synthesis of large amounts of ATP. NADH and FADH2 play a vital role in this process by donating electrons to the electron transport chain.
Madhur L.
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