A. Phenotype B. p² C. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium D. q² E. Gene Pool F. Genotype G. Allele H. Evolution I. q J. Population K. p L. Natural Selection M. Mutation N. 2pq O. Genetic Drift N The frequency of individuals with the heterozygous genotype within a population. Different forms of one specific gene. A genetic change that modifies allele frequency by introducing a new allele into a population. The frequency of the dominant (most common) allele within a population. Mathematical model (equations) that describes a population in which no evolution is taking place. All organisms in a group of one species that live in the same geographical area and interbreed with each another. A change in allele frequency in a population over time. The frequency of the homozygous dominant (most common) genotype within a population. A driving force for evolution in which organisms better suited to their environment have greater reproductive success. The genetic makeup of an organism (i.e. the combination of alleles an individual received from their parents). The frequency of the homozygous recessive (less common) genotype within a population. The collection of all alleles and genes in a given population. Change in allele frequency that occurs by chance, it may lead to loss of an allele from populations. The frequency of the recessive (less common) allele within a population. A The expressed traits of an organism; outward appearance.
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POPULATION GENETICS 10. If p is the frequency of B allele and q is the frequency of the b allele, which of the following indicates the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. p² B. q² C. p² + 2pq + q² D. 2pq E. p² + 2pq 11. Earwax type is determined by two alleles of the ABCC11 gene: the ABCC11ᴬ allele is recessive and results in dry earwax while the ABCC11ᴳ allele is dominant and produces wet earwax. In a population that is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this gene, 91% of people have wet earwax. What is the frequency of the ABCC11ᴳ allele in the population? A. 0.30 B. 0.09 C. 0.49 D. 0.91 E. 0.70 12. A dominant and a recessive allele of a single locus are at equal frequencies in a large population, initially at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The population is reduced in a single generation to less than 50 individuals and remains at this size for many more generations. What is the MOST LIKELY consequence of the smaller population size? A. The recessive allele will be lost from the population. B. One of the two alleles will be lost from the population—it could be either the dominant or the recessive allele. C. Both alleles will remain at the same frequencies as before. D. The dominant allele will be lost from the population. 13. Which of the following will NOT, by itself, affect the frequency of an allele in a population over time? A. Whether the size of the population is small. B. Whether the allele is dominant or recessive. C. Whether the allele is subject to selection. D. Whether the allele is subject to mutation at a high rate. E. Whether there is migration from another population lacking the allele.
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Hardy-Weinberg Law Common blood types are determined genetically by the three alleles A, B, and O. (An allele is any of a group of possible mutational forms of a gene.) A person whose blood type is AA, BB, or OO is homozygous. A person whose blood type is AB, AO, or BO is heterozygous. The Hardy-Weinberg Law states that the proportion $P$ of heterozygous individuals in any given population is modeled by $P(p, q, r)=2 p q+2 p r+2 q r$ where $p$ represents the percent of allele $\mathrm{A}$ in the population, $q$ represents the percent of allele $\mathrm{B}$ in the population, and $r$ represents the percent of allele $\mathrm{O}$ in the population. Use the fact that $p+q+r=1$ (the sum of the three must equal $100 \%$) to show that the maximum proportion of heterozygous individuals in any population is $\frac{2}{3} .$
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Hardy-Weinberg Law Three alleles (alternative versions of a gene) A, B, and O determine the four blood types A (AA or AO), B (BB or BO), O (OO), and AB. The Hardy-Weinberg Law states that the proportion of individuals in a population who carry two different alleles is $$P=2 p q+2 p r+2 r q$$ where $p, q,$ and $r$ are the proportions of $\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B},$ and $\mathrm{O}$ in the population. Use the fact that $p+q+r=1$ to show that $P$ is at most $\frac{2}{3}$
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