PROBLEM INTRODUCTION The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is widely distributed to and controls the function of the internal organs. The details of that control have largely been elucidated by use of pharmacological agents that mimic or block the effects of transmitters that are released from the autonomic nerve terminals. 1. An agonist is an agent that reacts with a receptor and mimics the action that normally results from the binding of a transmitter to that receptor. Thus a muscarinic agonist mimics the effects of acetylcholine to a muscarinic receptor. An antagonist blocks the action that normally results from the binding of a transmitter to a particular receptor. Thus a ?-adrenergic antagonist blocks the actions of epinephrine (a ?-adrenergic agonist) that normally result from its binding to a ?-adrenergic receptor. Assuming that you had an agonist and an antagonist for every autonomic transmitter receptor, how could you determine which receptor types exist in any autonomically controlled effector?
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Start by selecting an autonomic effector that you want to study. This could be any internal organ or tissue that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, such as the heart, lungs, digestive system, or blood vessels. Show more…
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Divisions of the nervous system Break down the nervous system into its sub categories using the boxes below with the terms CNS, PNS, ANS, SNS, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic. Include each of their functions from the following table. The first box is done for you. Nervous System 1 1 Consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts. 2 the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. 3 Helps support exercise or emergency actions—the so-called "fight-or-flight"responses; increasing HR, dilation of the pupils 4 Conveys output from the CNS to skeletal muscles only. Because its motor responses can be consciously controlled, the action of this part is voluntary. 5 This portion of the nervous system takes care of "rest-and-digest" activities, such as decrease in HR, constricting of the pupils, increases intestinal and gland activity 6 Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories. Most signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete originate here 7 Consists of all nervous tissue outside the nervous system. Components include nerves and sensory receptors.
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Figure 1. Nerve cells release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by exocytosis of secretory vesicles. Acetylcholine binds to a G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) on heart muscle, making the heart beat more slowly. The activated receptor stimulates a G protein, which opens a K+ channel in the plasma membrane, allowing K+ ions to flow out of the cell. Q14 In your beating heart, acetylcholine is released from nerve cells by secretory vesicle exocytosis. If you could instantly block the function of any of the following classes of cellular proteins in the nerve cells, which would you expect to most immediately and directly affect control of heart rate? Hsc70 proteins ESCRT proteins NSF proteins Dynamin proteins Clathrin proteins SNARE proteins Rab proteins Vps4 proteins Figure 2. Heart muscle cells cultured in the laboratory spontaneously contract, and synchronize their activity, leading to rhythmic contractions, similar to a heart beat. Q15 If you could block the function of any of the following classes of cellular proteins in the nerve cells, which would you expect to disrupt the entire secretory pathway, leaving the nerve cells unable to regulate heart rate? (select all that apply) Vps4 proteins Clathrin proteins ESCRT proteins Rab proteins Hsc70 proteins Dynamin proteins SNARE proteins NSF proteins
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