Procedure 1. Arrange cards of the alien species based on...

Procedure 1. Arrange cards of the alien species based on shared characters. In your lab notebook, de- scribe how you are organizing them based on their characteristics (how are you grouping them). An example of an answer in a student lab notebook might read: "To answer item 1, Specimen A has antennae." 2. In your lab notebook, make a hypothesis about the relationships between the species based on shared characters. 3. Character matrix: Create the Character table below in your lab notebook and fill it out by marking (with an "x") for each character present. 4. Using the information in the character matrix, arrange the alien species based on their shared characters. Identify the evolution of new (derived) characters and label them at the appropriate branch on the tree in your lab.

Transcript

00:01 Hello students in this question we've been given various problems so let us look into each of them.

00:06 The first one is for the first problem.

00:10 We need to draw four phylogenies that show the same relationship among four different organisms let's say a b c and d.

00:25 This means the branching pattern and relationship between the organisms should be same in all the four.

00:34 So four possibilities is one is a giving us three relation b c d or two take p over here and a c d three would be take c over here and we get a b d and lastly d having a relation with a b and so this is how we get four phylogenies with the description now for the problem two, we need to draw four phylogenies that show distinct relationship among the four individuals or four organisms this means the branching pattern and relationship should be different in each phylogeny so let us try to make these let's say a and b giving us c and d.

01:39 So this is one possibility second possibility could be a giving us b and c b giving us d.

01:51 Third possibility could be that a b c and d both are coming from different origins having the same origin but diversifying and fourth could be a giving us b and b giving us c and d so these are four different phylogenies that you can get you can go for more such combinations as well so this is problem two.

02:32 For problem three, we have to draw phylogeny that is parsimonious as possible for three species given with a given nucleotide sequence parsimonious means choosing the phylogeny with the fewest number of evolutionary changes so let's compare the nucleotides for a, it is a t g g c a for b, it is g g a c t for c, it is g g c a a so we can see the a species a and c have more similar nucleotides differing only in position 1 and 2.

03:40 So a and c are more closely related than b...

Question

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