When the cysts of the parasite Giardia lamblia are ingested by mammals (including humans) it causes an intestinal illness. Two mobile trophozoite cells emerge from the cyst and affix themselves to the lining of the small intestine using a sticky disk on their ventral side. Trophozoites use the intestinal contents of the mammalian host to metabolize glucose anaerobically. Many excavates feed using an oral groove but the trophozoites of Giardia do not have one and cannot form food vacuoles. The nutrition of Giardia must be obtained by: its mitosomes endosymbiotic cyanobacteria the ventral disk by which it adheres to the intestinal lining plasma membrane proteins that are transporters or pumps
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