Question 1 The table below shows the results of an investigation in which the effect of temperature and light on the yield of tomatoes in two greenhouses on a farm was investigated. [ egin{array}{|c|c|} hline ext{TEMPERATURE} & (degree C) \ hline ext{AVERAGE YIELD OF TOMATOES PER PLANT} & ( ext{kg}) \ hline ext{Number of cells counted in 3 different slides} & ext{Slide 1} & ext{Slide 2} & ext{Slide 3} & ext{Total} \ hline ext{Interphase} & 47 & 49 & 58 & 154 \ ext{Prophase} & 5 & 7 & 16 & 30 \ ext{Metaphase} & 2 & 4 & 1 & 7 \ ext{Anaphase} & 10 & 10 & 2 & 22 \ ext{Telophase} & 4 & 4 & 4 & 12 \ hline end{array} ] 2.1 Which phase produces the: (a) Highest number of cells (1) (b) Lowest number of cells (1) 2.2 Calculate the percentage of cells produced during prophase. Show ALL calculations (3) (5) Question 3 3. The table illustrates the rate of water absorption by roots and the rate of transpiration by leaves. [ egin{array}{|c|c|c|} hline ext{Time} & ext{Rate of water absorption (ml/hour)} & ext{Rate of transpiration (ml/hour)} \ hline 06:00 & 1.5 & 0.5 \ 08:00 & 1.5 & 2.0 \ 10:00 & 3.2 & 4.5 \ 12:00 & 4.5 & 6.0 \ 14:00 & 5.7 & 7.4 \ 16:00 & 7.6 & 9.3 \ 18:00 & 8.0 & 5.5 \ hline end{array} ] 3.1.1 Draw line graphs on the same set of axes to illustrate the results. (6) 3.1.2 By using the information in the table, indicate the time the sun rises. Motivate your answer. (2) (8) 3.2 Diabetes insipidus (dilute urine) is a disease caused by a lack of ADH secretion into plasma. Scientists wanted to determine the effect of this disease on the volume of urine that a person produces per day. The investigation was carried out on 5 male participants over a period of 30 days. The males were of similar age.
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1, we need to identify which phase produces the highest and lowest number of cells. From the table, we can see that the phase with the highest number of cells is Interphase with a total of 154 cells. The phase with the lowest number of cells is Metaphase with a Show more…
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INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND This interrupted case study was written to illustrate the integration of several body systems (especially the endocrine and renal systems) and their importance in the progression of disease in the context of an authentic laboratory experience. Katie, an active college sophomore, begins to experience flu-like symptoms. Initially, she thinks that her illness is a result of the stress associated with the rigors of college; however, after visiting her university's health center and subsequent treatment with typical flu remedies, her symptoms worsen and even multiply. This case study was designed for a one-semester, introductory physiology lecture course with laboratory taken mainly by sophomore/junior pre-nursing and health science students. It is expected that students have had prior exposure to renal and endocrine physiology in the lecture component of the course before beginning this case study, which is intended to reinforce what was learned in the lecture. The included answer key gives some explanations that allow this case to be easily adapted for use in a more advanced physiology course for biology students. Given some minor modifications, it could also be used in a non-laboratory setting. Katie's urine "sample" that students are provided is citrus green tea that can be purchased from a grocery store in 16.9 fluid ounce bottles. The tea is poured into a specimen cup before class begins, as to enhance the "authenticity" of the case. Not only does the citrus green tea have a similar color as urine, but the stock solution also turns up positive for glucose (as long as the "diet" version of the drink is not used). This, along with the other abnormal results in the blood test can be added to the "red flag" list on the whiteboard. (Note: it is recommended that students only identify a "positive" test, rather than an actual concentration, since the glucose concentration in the tea will be outside that seen in humans and not realistic.) Additionally, the tea is negative for hemoglobin and the pH and specific gravity falls within normal physiologic ranges for urine. It is possible that students will bring up the fact that specific gravity is abnormal in cases of diabetes with glycosuria. While it is typical that specific gravity would be elevated in cases of glycosuria, these changes do not happen in isolation; that is, despite the glycosuria, Katie's normal urine specific gravity may be because the glycosuria is mild or the polydipsia mentioned in Part II compensated for the urinary loss and actually diluted the urine. Katie specifically states she does not have diabetes. In Part IV, we will find out that she does in fact have diabetes (type II); however, we include Katie's assertion that she does not have the disease as a real-world example that patients often self-diagnose their own medical problems. By including Katie's statement that she doesn't have diabetes in Part I, a discussion may develop in Part IV when she is diagnosed with the disease. Katie's vital signs: Blood pressure 155/92, oral temperature 38.7, heart rate 96, respiratory rate 22, oxygen saturation 97. 1. Based on this new information, identify at least three clinical tests that could elucidate the cause of Katie's illness. Describe what each test might detect. 2. Using terminology of the kidney (filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion), explain how glucose and protein are each processed in the normal kidney. 3. Which of the results from Katie's blood and urine test seem abnormal? If there are abnormalities, what do they indicate? 4. What might glucose in the urine indicate about blood glucose levels? 5. What might occur in the kidney that would cause the presence of protein in the urine? 6. How does glucose and protein in the urine lead to the excessive urine output Katie was experiencing at night? 7. What other symptom does Katie have that also indicates glucose in the urine? 8. What disease or condition do you think Katie may be dealing with? What clinical test(s) would confirm your diagnosis?
Alexander B.
Methods of Scientific Inquiry Circle the letter of each question that can be answered through science. A. At what temperature does water boil? B. How can my team work better together? C. When does the sun rise on June 17, 2016? D. Does adding salt to water change the boiling point of the water? E. How does the HIV virus cause the human immune system to malfunction? F. Does the Zika virus cause microcephaly in a developing fetus? G. Is it hot or cold today? Circle the letter of each statement that is true about graphs. A. A graph can reveal a trend or pattern in data. B. Graphs help scientists interpret data. C. Graphs are the only way to organize and present data. Which of the following are theories and which are hypotheses? 1. Hypothesis: If Hormone Q is applied to the leaves of a plant, the plant will grow faster. 2. Hypothesis: Plants grow best in the absence of light. 3. Theory: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 4. Theory: Many human diseases are caused by microorganisms. 5. Theory: Matter is composed of discrete units called atoms. 6. Hypothesis: Aphid infected plants that are exposed to ladybugs will have fewer aphids after a week than aphid infected plants that are left untreated. 7. Hypothesis: If moisture affects the germination of seeds, then seeds kept moist will germinate, while seeds kept dry will not. 8. Hypothesis: If you refrigerate apples, they will last longer before going bad. Bob loves to garden and wants to grow lots of pink flowers for his friend Sandy. He bought a special fertilizer to see if it will help plants produce more flowers. He plants 10 plants of the same size in separate containers with the same amount of potting soil. Five of the plants he places in a sunny window and waters them every day with the same batch of fertilized water. The other five plants are placed on a shelf in his room and are watered with plain water every other day. What is wrong with Bob’s experiment? Explain. While watching TV the other night, Jenny saw a commercial advertising SuperGreen Brain Snacks, which were being sold as food to boost a person’s learning power. As a student interested in being a biology major in college, Jenny decides to do her own experiment to test whether the information in the commercial is true. Jenny recruits five of her friends and devises a test for them to take prior to eating any of the Brain Snacks. Then, she has each of her friends eat one snack with each of 3 meals each day for 3 weeks. At the end of the three weeks, she gives each of her friends the same test again. The results are as follows: TEST RESULTS Student Test Results Before (%) Test Results After (%) A 64% 80% B 78% 78% C 82% 84% D 69% 67% E 72% 70% Based on the data, do the Super Green Brain Snacks work? What is missing from Jenny’s experiment?
Sri K.
The human kidney filters the blood to retain useful substances and remove waste products and excess water as urine. SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 are two different genes that each encode one part of a transporter protein complex typically found in the plasma membrane of human kidney cells. This transporter complex moves certain amino acids across the plasma membrane of the cells. Mutations in both the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes are associated with increased levels of the polar amino acid cysteine in the urine, a condition called cystinuria. A researcher identified seven individuals with a family history of cystinuria. The researcher measured the concentration of cysteine in the urine of the seven individuals and sequenced their SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes to determine whether they carry functional (+) or mutant (−) alleles of genes. The results are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVEN INDIVIDUALS WHO CARRY AT LEAST ONE MUTANT ALLELE + indicates the presence of a functional allele and − indicates the presence of a mutant allele. Individual | Concentration of Cysteine in Urine Relative to Normal Values | SLC3A1 Alleles | SLC7A9 Alleles --- | --- | --- | --- 1 | 32.2 | −/− | +/− 2 | 29.8 | +/− | −/− 3 | 11.0 | −/− | +/+ 4 | 8.8 | +/+ | −/− 5 | 7.7 | −/− | +/+ 6 | 2.3 | +/+ | +/− 7 | 0.5 | +/− | +/+ (b) Describe the relationship between the total number of mutant alleles in an individual and the concentration of cysteine in the urine. (c) Evaluate the hypothesis that mutations in SLC7A9 have a greater effect on the transport of cysteine across the plasma membrane of kidney cells than do mutations in SLC3A1. (d) Explain how the data support the claim that cysteine is a large polar molecule.
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