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QUESTION 13 A team of researchers conducted a valid prospective cohort study analyzing several exposures for their association with heart disease. They gathered data on smoking, blood pressure, diabetes and exercise patterns among other factors. They found that the Relative Risk for developing heart disease for smokers was 6.0 compared to non-smokers. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease for people with high blood pressure was 4.0 compared to those without high blood pressure. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease for people with diabetes was 2.5 compared to people without diabetes. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease among people who exercised regularly was 0.7 compared to people who did not exercise regularly. Based on these findings, which exposure had the strongest association with heart disease? a.Smoking b.High Blood Pressure c.Diabetes d.Regular exercise QUESTION 14 In a study of a possible association between tea drinking (exposure) and developing cancer (outcome), it is found that the association is distorted by the presence of a third variable- in this case, age. In this example, age is an example of (a): a.Bias b.Measure of association c.Random error d.Confounder QUESTION 15 A researcher wants to study the effect of a new medicine on preventing hip fractures. She asks you to advise her on ways to manage confounding in the study. You correctly inform her that: a.Confounding can be decreased by randomizing subjects to study groups b.Confounding is a random error and cannot be avoided c.Confounding is a systematic error in study design d.It is not possible to control confounding

QUESTION 13
A team of researchers conducted a valid prospective cohort study analyzing several exposures for their association with heart disease. They gathered data on smoking, blood pressure, diabetes and exercise patterns among other factors. They found that the Relative Risk for developing heart disease for smokers was 6.0 compared to non-smokers. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease for people with high blood pressure was 4.0 compared to those without high blood pressure. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease for people with diabetes was 2.5 compared to people without diabetes. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease among people who exercised regularly was 0.7 compared to people who did not exercise regularly. Based on these findings, which exposure had the strongest association with heart disease?
a.Smoking
b.High Blood Pressure
c.Diabetes
d.Regular exercise

QUESTION 14
In a study of a possible association between tea drinking (exposure) and developing cancer (outcome), it is found that the association is distorted by the presence of a third variable- in this case, age. In this example, age is an example of (a):
a.Bias
b.Measure of association
c.Random error
d.Confounder

QUESTION 15
A researcher wants to study the effect of a new medicine on preventing hip fractures. She asks you to advise her on ways to manage confounding in the study. You correctly inform her that:
a.Confounding can be decreased by randomizing subjects to study groups
b.Confounding is a random error and cannot be avoided
c.Confounding is a systematic error in study design
d.It is not possible to control confounding

$QUESTION 13 A team of researchers conducted a valid prospective cohort study analyzing several exposures for their association with heart disease. They gathered data on smoking, blood pressure, diabetes and exercise patterns among other factors. They found that the Relative Risk for developing heart disease for smokers was 6.0 compared to non-smokers. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease for people with high blood pressure was 4.0 compared to those without high blood pressure. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease for people with diabetes was 2.5 compared to people without diabetes. The Relative Risk for developing heart disease among people who exercised regularly was 0.7 compared to people who did not exercise regularly. Based on these findings, which exposure had the strongest association with heart disease? a.Smoking b.High Blood Pressure c.Diabetes d.Regular exercise QUESTION 14 In a study of a possible association between tea drinking (exposure) and developing cancer (outcome), it is found that the association is distorted by the presence of a third variable- in this case, age. In this example, age is an example of (a): a.Bias b.Measure of association c.Random error d.Confounder QUESTION 15 A researcher wants to study the effect of a new medicine on preventing hip fractures. She asks you to advise her on ways to manage confounding in the study. You correctly inform her that: a.Confounding can be decreased by randomizing subjects to study groups b.Confounding is a random error and cannot be avoided c.Confounding is a systematic error in study design d.It is not possible to control confounding$

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