Question

Question 16 In garden peas, the gene P codes for purple flowers, and is completely (or simply) dominant over the gene p which codes for white flowers. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected genotypic ratio for the following cross: Pp x pp. 1:3 1:2:1 2:2:0 0:4 0:2:2 3:1 2:2 Question 17 In garden peas, the gene P codes for purple flowers, and is completely (or simply) dominant over the gene p which codes for white flowers. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected phenotypic ratio for the following cross: Pp x pp. 0:2:2 3:1 1:2:1 2:2 2:2:0 0:4 Question 18 In cattle, the gene R codes for red hair, and is co-dominant with the gene B which codes for brown hair. The heterozygotes are "roan" colored. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected genotypic ratios for the following cross: BR x BR 2:0:2 1:2:1 3:1 1:1:1 1:3 2:2:0 Question 19 In cattle, the gene R codes for red hair, and is co-dominant with the gene B which codes for brown hair. The heterozygotes are "roan" colored. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected phenotypic ratios for the following cross: BR x BR 1:2:1 2:0:2 3:1 1:1:1 1:3 2:2:0 Question 20 Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive condition that is carried on the X chromosome. A woman who is heterozygous for color-blindness has a child with a man who is NOT colorblind. Using a Punnett square (I suggest) determine what kind of offspring they could possibly have, and identify the predicted outcome from the choices below: 1 male colorblind, 1 female colorblind 0 males colorblind; 1 female colorblind 2 males colorblind, 1 female colorblind 1 male colorblind, 0 females colorblind 2 males colorblind, 0 females colorblind 0 males colorblind, 0 females colorblind Question 21 The environment where an organism lives is referred to as its niche community biosphere random rock outcropping resource base habitat Question 22 A fundamental niche is ________ than a realized niche, the latter of which typically results from the effects of competition with __________. equal in size; one's own kind smaller; other species larger; one's own kind larger; other species equal in size; other species smaller; one's own kind Question 23 The competitive exclusion principle, or Gause's Principle, states that two _________ are not likely to live together in the same area for a prolonged period of time if they have the same ____ species; niche predators; habitat individual organisms; niche individual organisms; habitat predators; niche species; habitat Question 24 Indirect competition involves ____ ; whereas direct competition involves ____. more rapid exploitation of a resource; competition among your own kind competition among your own kind; physical confrontation with another organism physical confrontation with another organism; more rapid exploitation of a resource competition among your own kind; competition with other species physical confrontation with another organism; competition among your own kind more rapid exploitation of a resource; physical confrontation with another organism Question 25 Competition that occurs between species is called __________ competition, and is ______ likely as/than competition within species. interspecific; just as intraspecific; less intraspecific; more intraspecific; just as interspecific; less interspecific; more 

          Question 16
In garden peas, the gene P codes for purple flowers, and is completely (or simply) dominant over the gene p which codes for white flowers. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected genotypic ratio for the following cross: Pp x pp.
1:3
1:2:1
2:2:0
0:4
0:2:2
3:1
2:2

Question 17
In garden peas, the gene P codes for purple flowers, and is completely (or simply) dominant over the gene p which codes for white flowers. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected phenotypic ratio for the following cross: Pp x pp.
0:2:2
3:1
1:2:1
2:2
2:2:0
0:4

Question 18
In cattle, the gene R codes for red hair, and is co-dominant with the gene B which codes for brown hair. The heterozygotes are "roan" colored. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected genotypic ratios for the following cross: BR x BR
2:0:2
1:2:1
3:1
1:1:1
1:3
2:2:0

Question 19
In cattle, the gene R codes for red hair, and is co-dominant with the gene B which codes for brown hair. The heterozygotes are "roan" colored. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected phenotypic ratios for the following cross: BR x BR
1:2:1
2:0:2
3:1
1:1:1
1:3
2:2:0

Question 20
Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive condition that is carried on the X chromosome. A woman who is heterozygous for color-blindness has a child with a man who is NOT colorblind. Using a Punnett square (I suggest) determine what kind of offspring they could possibly have, and identify the predicted outcome from the choices below:
1 male colorblind, 1 female colorblind
0 males colorblind; 1 female colorblind
2 males colorblind, 1 female colorblind
1 male colorblind, 0 females colorblind
2 males colorblind, 0 females colorblind
0 males colorblind, 0 females colorblind

Question 21
The environment where an organism lives is referred to as its
niche
community
biosphere
random rock outcropping
resource base
habitat

Question 22
A fundamental niche is ________ than a realized niche, the latter of which typically results from the effects of competition with __________.
equal in size; one's own kind
smaller; other species
larger; one's own kind
larger; other species
equal in size; other species
smaller; one's own kind

Question 23
The competitive exclusion principle, or Gause's Principle, states that two _________ are not likely to live together in the same area for a prolonged period of time if they have the same ____
species; niche
predators; habitat
individual organisms; niche
individual organisms; habitat
predators; niche
species; habitat

Question 24
Indirect competition involves ____ ; whereas direct competition involves ____.
more rapid exploitation of a resource; competition among your own kind
competition among your own kind; physical confrontation with another organism
physical confrontation with another organism; more rapid exploitation of a resource
competition among your own kind; competition with other species
physical confrontation with another organism; competition among your own kind
more rapid exploitation of a resource; physical confrontation with another organism

Question 25
Competition that occurs between species is called __________ competition, and is ______ likely as/than competition within species.
interspecific; just as
intraspecific; less
intraspecific; more
intraspecific; just as
interspecific; less
interspecific; more
Show more…

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Biology for AP Courses
Biology for AP Courses
Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht
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Question 16 In garden peas, the gene P codes for purple flowers, and is completely (or simply) dominant over the gene p which codes for white flowers. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected genotypic ratio for the following cross: Pp x pp. 1:3 1:2:1 2:2:0 0:4 0:2:2 3:1 2:2 Question 17 In garden peas, the gene P codes for purple flowers, and is completely (or simply) dominant over the gene p which codes for white flowers. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected phenotypic ratio for the following cross: Pp x pp. 0:2:2 3:1 1:2:1 2:2 2:2:0 0:4 Question 18 In cattle, the gene R codes for red hair, and is co-dominant with the gene B which codes for brown hair. The heterozygotes are "roan" colored. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected genotypic ratios for the following cross: BR x BR 2:0:2 1:2:1 3:1 1:1:1 1:3 2:2:0 Question 19 In cattle, the gene R codes for red hair, and is co-dominant with the gene B which codes for brown hair. The heterozygotes are "roan" colored. Use a Punnett square (I suggest) to calculate the expected phenotypic ratios for the following cross: BR x BR 1:2:1 2:0:2 3:1 1:1:1 1:3 2:2:0 Question 20 Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive condition that is carried on the X chromosome. A woman who is heterozygous for color-blindness has a child with a man who is NOT colorblind. Using a Punnett square (I suggest) determine what kind of offspring they could possibly have, and identify the predicted outcome from the choices below: 1 male colorblind, 1 female colorblind 0 males colorblind; 1 female colorblind 2 males colorblind, 1 female colorblind 1 male colorblind, 0 females colorblind 2 males colorblind, 0 females colorblind 0 males colorblind, 0 females colorblind Question 21 The environment where an organism lives is referred to as its niche community biosphere random rock outcropping resource base habitat Question 22 A fundamental niche is ________ than a realized niche, the latter of which typically results from the effects of competition with __________. equal in size; one's own kind smaller; other species larger; one's own kind larger; other species equal in size; other species smaller; one's own kind Question 23 The competitive exclusion principle, or Gause's Principle, states that two _________ are not likely to live together in the same area for a prolonged period of time if they have the same ____ species; niche predators; habitat individual organisms; niche individual organisms; habitat predators; niche species; habitat Question 24 Indirect competition involves ____ ; whereas direct competition involves ____. more rapid exploitation of a resource; competition among your own kind competition among your own kind; physical confrontation with another organism physical confrontation with another organism; more rapid exploitation of a resource competition among your own kind; competition with other species physical confrontation with another organism; competition among your own kind more rapid exploitation of a resource; physical confrontation with another organism Question 25 Competition that occurs between species is called __________ competition, and is ______ likely as/than competition within species. interspecific; just as intraspecific; less intraspecific; more intraspecific; just as interspecific; less interspecific; more
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Imagine that you are studying a plant that blossoms at night and is pollinated by moths. The flower color is determined by one gene with two alleles, and it shows incomplete dominance. Genotypes and phenotypes, respectively, are: RR for red, Rr for pink, and rr for white flowers. You establish a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by planting 250 RR seeds, 500 Rr seeds, and 250 rr seeds at random in the experimental field (1000 seeds total). 1. Using the formulas listed in the lab sheet, calculate the observed genotype and allele frequencies. Record them below. f RR = ____ f Rr = ____ f rr = _____ p = ____ q = ____ All seeds germinate, and the plants grow and blossom. Moths visit the flowers and pollinate them. These insects are visual and will carry pollen from one flower to another, that is: they are the mediators of plant mating. If the pollinators have a preference for flower color, that means plants are not going to mate at random. As seeds are produced, you collect them and take them to a greenhouse. These seeds are the offspring of the original population. You grow a sample of 200 seeds in a greenhouse and when they blossom, you obtain the following phenotype numbers: Red flowers: 26 individuals, Pink flowers: 70 individuals, White flowers: 104 individuals. 2. Calculate the expected genotype frequencies and record them below. p2 = ____ 2pq = _____ q2 = _____ 3. Use the expected genotype frequencies above to establish the expected number of individuals of each phenotype in a sample of 200 under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RR = _____ Rr = _____ rr = _____ 4. Fill out the table below to calculate the χ2 value and transcribe Ho and Ha below it. Phenotypes | Observed (O) | Expected (E) | (O - E) | (O - E)2 | (O - E)2 / E Red | Pink | White | Σ χ2 value = H0: HA: 5. a. Is the greenhouse population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? b. What would be a possible biological explanation for the results of your experiment? (Hint: think about the pollinators as mediators of plant mating) EXERCISES Use the information below for questions 6 and 7. Space Station Alpha (SSA) was opened in the year 2500. One hundred fifty young people were selected (reproductive age, 1:1 sex ratio) and sent out into the outer space colony, and SSA was completely autonomous regarding resources needed for population growth. Individuals of the founding population varied in having free (dominant) or attached (recessive) earlobes, and scientists calculated the frequency of the recessive allele in the founding population as 0.4. 6. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and complete dominance, a) how many individuals of the founding population are expected to have free earlobes and b) how many are expected to have attached earlobes? Show your work. 7. 100 years later, SSA population census reported 519 individuals, 83 of whom with attached earlobes. a) Demonstrate that this population is likely to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by calculating the expected number of individuals with attached earlobes out of 519. Show your work. b) Propose an explanation for what happened. Use the information below for questions 8-10. The snow goose (Chen caerulescens) has blue and white morphs. Inheritance of color is Mendelian: BB and Bb individuals are blue, and bb individuals are white. In a population of 140 geese, 105 were blue and 35 were white. Researchers estimated that the frequency of the dominant allele was p = 0.5 in this population, and that it was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. An introduced mammal preyed upon the geese during a particularly snowy winter, reducing its population to 46 individuals, 19 of which were white. The blue geese were genotyped and 12 were found to be homozygous (BB) and 15 heterozygous (Bb). 8. Before predation, what would be the expected genotype frequencies? Show your work. 9. Calculate observed genotype frequencies after predation (selection). Calculate allele frequencies after predation. Make sure to round your genotype frequencies to two decimal places and the closest even number (i.e. if a genotype frequency comes out to 0.17, round to 0.18). Genotype frequencies must equal 1. Show your work. 10. a) Was Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium disrupted by predation? Provide support for your answer by using a chi-square test. Genotypes | Observed (O) | Expected (E) | (O - E) | (O - E)2 | (O - E)2 / E Total | Σ χ2 value = Σχ2 = ___ Number of degrees of freedom: ____ P > or < 0.05 (circle one to indicate if p-value is above or below 0.05) b) Explain how predator behavior led to the observed genotype and allele frequencies.

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