Question 2 Botulinum toxin (Botox) is an injectable chemical that paralyzes muscles. If Botox were injected into the ______ muscle, the patient would not be able to raise their eyebrows. orbicularic oculi frontalis zygomaticus orbicularis oris
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Step 1: The frontalis muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows. Show more…
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QUESTIONS 4-8: Identify the muscle of facial expression that performs the action that is described. Choose your answers from the following list. Answers may be used once or not at all. a. frontalis b. orbicularis oculi c. buccinator d. platysma e. zygomaticus major f. depressor anguli oris g. orbicularis oris h. mentalis 4. When you smile, the ______ is the primary muscle that elevates the corners of your mouth. 5. Close one eye by blinking or squinting. This movement is initiated by the ______, a circular muscle that surrounds the eye. 6. When you frown, the ______ is the primary muscle that depresses the corners of your mouth. 7. As you grit your teeth, palpate the skin along the anterior surface of your neck. Notice that the skin is very tense. This response is caused by the contraction of the ______ 8. Compress your cheeks by whistling or blowing. This action is produced by the ______, which is the relatively large muscle of facial expression that can be palpated in your cheek wall.
Madhur L.
Application: Botulinum toxin is taken up by axon terminals and inhibits the ability of a motor neuron to stimulate a skeletal muscle motor unit to contract by preventing the release of acetylcholine from the axon terminal. Explain how this prevents skeletal muscle contraction. Explain why injecting Botox derived from botulinum toxin into a superficial facial muscle reduces the appearance of deep facial wrinkles called muscle lines. Hint: Superficial facial muscles are attached at one end to the skin.
Botulinums are potent neurotoxins produced by the bacillus, Clostridium botulinum. The toxins are proteins that bind to a receptor on the presynaptic membrane of neurons in peripheral cholinergic synapses. Botulinum toxins act at four different sites in the body: The neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings, and postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings that release acetylcholine (such as sweat glands). Botox blocks neuromuscular transmission by binding to sites on motor or autonomic nerve terminals. The toxin-receptor complex is trafficked into the cell. Once released from the receptor, it cleaves SNAP-25, a protein critical to the successful docking and release of acetylcholine from vesicles situated within nerve endings. Typically, effects take a few days to manifest and persist for up to a few months. The affected nerve terminals do not degenerate, but the blockage of neurotransmitter release is irreversible. Function can be recovered by the sprouting of nerve terminals and formation of new synaptic contacts; this usually takes two to three months. Classified as a skeletal muscle relaxant, BOTOX (onabotulinumtoxin A) is a medication approved by the FDA for a number of indications. Botulinum toxins now play a very significant role in the management of a wide variety of medical conditions, especially strabismus and focal dystonias, hemifacial spasm, various spastic movement disorders, headaches, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, and some chronic conditions that respond only partially to other medical treatments. The list of possible new indications is rapidly expanding. An unlicensed preparation of botulinum toxin A, intended for research purposes, was illegally administered by a Florida physician to himself and three patients, including his girlfriend. The doctor was practicing without a medical license at the time. Within days, all four reported blurry vision, trouble swallowing, trouble speaking, and labored breathing. All were hospitalized and survived due to prompt emergency care. Identify the cranial nerves affected by the BOTOX that resulted in blurry vision, trouble swallowing, and trouble speaking clearly. Identify the muscles involved in blurry vision.
Adi S.
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