Question 4 1 pts Intracellular microbes living in the cytoplasm, such as viruses, are more likely to elicit cytolytic (cytotoxic) T cell- mediated immune response because of which of the following? Protein antigens of such microbes enter the class II MHC pathway of antigen processing Peptides produced from such microbes can be presented to activate B cells Protein antigens of such microbes enter the class I MHC pathway of antigen processing Cytotoxic T cells can leave the circulation
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43. MHC molecules are required for a. B-cell activation. b. T-cell activation. c. phagocytosis of microbes. d. proteasome degradation of viruses. 44. The figure shown below illustrates a bacterial cell that Nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins are released after phagocytosis a. acts as an antigen. b. is broken down into many antigens. c. is producing antibodies in response to antigens. d. has a single epitope. 45. An antigen-presenting cell (APC) presents antigen to a. macrophages to stimulate the synthesis of antibodies. b. B cells to stimulate the formation of memory B cells. c. memory T cells to stimulate the synthesis of cytokines. d. helper T cells to activate the T cells during a cellular response. 46. Which of the following would be expected to elicit the largest production of antibodies? a. haptens floating freely within plasma b. a complex protein with many different epitopes c. a polysaccharide with several identical segments d. a small lipid 47. An injection of killed or attenuated Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, would be expected to protect an individual by a. causing the individual to have a mild case of typhoid fever, but protecting against future cases of typhoid fever. b. providing antigens recognizable by the immune system, allowing the formation of memory cells that will prevent typhoid fever in the future. c. providing cross-protection to prevent several diseases caused by different bacteria. d. providing the individual with premade antibodies capable of binding to and inactivating Salmonella typhi. 48. When comparing the primary and secondary immune responses, ______ titer levels are ______ during a ______ immune response. a. IgM; much higher; secondary b. IgG; much higher; secondary c. IgM; higher than IgG titer levels; primary d. IgM; higher than IgG titer levels; secondary 49. Class switching is the process in which a. B cells switch from producing IgM of IgD to producing IgE, IgG, or IgA. b. formed IgM antibody pentamers break apart into IgM monomers. c. antibody released from the surface of a B cell switches to a different heavy chain. d. higher-affinity antibodies are produced upon repeated exposure to the same antigen. 50. Why are cytotoxic T (Tc) cells more effective than antibodies at clearing viral infections? a. Tc cells are able to recognize free viral particles as they circulate through lymph nodes. b. Antibodies bind weakly to antigen-MHC I complexes on antigen-presenting cells. c. Antibodies are only able to bind to extracellular antigen, and viruses tend to be intracellular. d. Tc cells are activated more strongly than B cells by cytokines released by helper T cells.
Josee P.
1. Macrophages display antigen on an MHC class II complex. What is the direct consequence of this display? Recognition by CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells resulting in destruction of virally infected cells Increased opsonization by binding to IgA Recognition by other macrophages resulting in increased phagocytosis Recognition by CD4+ helper T-cells resulting in activation of B-cells 2. MHC II molecules are used for: antigen presentation on body cells antigen digestion antibody production antigen presentation on macrophages 3. What is the primary mechanism by which Natural Killer cells recognize cancerous or virally infected cells? Viral budding MHC class II expression Less MHC and more activators More MHC and less activators
Sri K.
Where are the major histocompatibility complex molecules (once they have been loaded with antigen peptides) located in reference to the cells? Within the nucleus of the cell? Within the cytoplasm of the cell? On the surface of the plasma membrane? The next sentence and picture correspond to questions 14 to 16. The diagram in the Figure below shows a pathogen (in red) that is present in different cellular compartments of each of the cell types shown. In each case, a specific cell subset will recognize peptides of that pathogen presented on MHC molecules on the surface of the cell and will execute its effector function. State the appropriate cell effector response, the cell type, and location of the pathogen. A. T cell - killing of target cell B. Macrophage - killing of target cell C. T cell - activation of target cell's antibody production D. T cell - activation of target cell's ability to kill intracellular pathogen Viruses and some bacteria replicate in the cytosolic compartment, as shown in panel 1. Their antigens are presented by MHC class I molecules. What cell effector response corresponds to this kind of pathogen? Other bacteria and some parasites are taken up into endosomes, usually by specialized phagocytic cells such as macrophages, as shown in panel 2. Here they are killed and degraded, or in some cases, are able to survive and proliferate within the vesicle. Their antigens are presented by MHC class II molecules. What cell effector response corresponds to this kind of pathogen? Extracellular pathogens (or their protein productions) may bind to cell-surface receptors and enter the vesicular system by endocytosis, as illustrated in panel 3. What cell effector response corresponds to this kind of pathogen? Antigens are presented by MHC class II molecules. The presentation by dendritic cells is an essential pathway for generating CD8 cell responses to some intracellular pathogens. If this pathway did not exist, we would be highly susceptible to: - Intracellular pathogens that can survive inside macrophage endocytic vesicles - Intracellular pathogens that are able to evade antibody responses - Intracellular pathogens that do not infect and replicate in dendritic cells - Intracellular pathogens that can spread from cell to cell by inducing cell fusion - Intracellular pathogens that infect and replicate in red blood cells The proteasome system (UPS) begins...
Shaiju T.
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