Question 47 2 pts By which mechanism do B and T lymphocytes create cells that can respond to any invader? Genetic deletion Acquisition of microbial genes Cional deletion Generation of diversity
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How do vertebrates generate millions of different antibody receptor stem cells? a. By mutation of a few hundred genes b. By rearrangement of segments of DNA c. By antigen-elicited receptor creation d. None of the above
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While _(18)_ immunity is genetically determined, _(5)_ immunity involves the development of an immune response to a specific _(3)_ which is carried out by various _(25)_. T lymphocytes are responsible for _(12)_-mediated immunity while B lymphocytes are responsible for _(23)_-mediated immunity. In general, activation of T lymphocytes, both _(17)_ and _(9)_, begins with the recognition of a specific antigen that has been incorporated into a protein, abbreviated _(7)_, and inserted into the membrane of an infected, abnormal or foreign cell or an antigen presenting cell. CD4 cells require antigen presentation on a _(14)_ MHCP while CD8 cells require antigen presentation on _(13)_ MHCP. After the lymphocyte recognizes the specific antigen and binds to the receptor, _(22)_, either through contact with a secondary site on the cell presenting the antigen or in response to _(10)_, completes lymphocyte activation. The fully activated lymphocyte then undergoes _(21)_ selection dividing and differentiating into _(1)_ cells. These cells are responsible for _(2)_ to the antigen either through direct cell-cell contact or thorugh the release of cytokines. _(15)_ T cells destroy the target antigen through the release of _(24)_, lymphotoxin or by inducing _(19)_ of the target cell; _(4)_ T cells release cytokines that _(6)_ both the innate and adaptive immune response against the antigen. Also formed during clonal selection are _(8)_ cells which permit a more rapid and robust response during the next exposure to the antigen. B cell activation requires that an antigen bind to a surface receptor on the B cell which is subsequently endocytosed, incorporated into a Class II MHCP and an inserted into the membrane; the B cell is now considered _(11)_. Complete activation occurs when the B cell binds to a Helper T cell and is stimulated by _(20)_. The activated B cell then undergoes clonal expansion forming _(16)_ cells that release millions of _(26)_ and memory B cells for subsequent exposure to the antigen.
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