QUESTION 7 The principal cause of HIV disease/AIDS in Africa and Southern Asia is: human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1) human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) QUESTION 8 The best prognostic indicator of the progression of HIV disease is the: number of HIV particles per mm3 of blood number of CD4+ T cells per mm3 of blood number of CD8+ T cells per mm3 of blood quantity of anti-HIV Ab per mm3 of blood QUESTION 9 HIV is believed to have originated in: Africans who acquired a mutated form of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) from apes male hemophiliacs receiving plasma infusions germ-warfare laboratories of the U.S. Army germ-warfare laboratories of the former Soviet-bloc countries
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HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. In July 2008, the US National Institutes of Health announced that it was stopping a clinical study early because of unexpected results. The study population consisted of HIV-infected women in sub-Saharan Africa who had been given a single dose of Nevirapine (a treatment for HIV) while giving birth to prevent transmission of HIV to the infant. The study was a randomized comparison of continued treatment of a woman (after successful childbirth) with Nevirapine vs. Lopinavir, a second drug used to treat HIV. 240 women participated in the study; 120 were randomized to each of the two treatments. Twenty-four weeks after starting the study treatment, each woman was tested to determine if the HIV infection was becoming worse (an outcome called virologic failure). Twenty-six of the 120 women treated with Nevirapine experienced virologic failure, while 10 of the 120 women treated with the other drug experienced virologic failure. (a) Create a two-way table presenting the results of this study. (b) State appropriate hypotheses to test for independence of treatment and virologic failure. (c) Complete the hypothesis test and state an appropriate conclusion. (Reminder: Verify any necessary conditions for the test.)
Madhur L.
AIDS has generated a number of controversial fringe theories. One of these contends that HIV originated not from wild chimpanzees but from an experimental oral polio vaccine that was derived from chimpanzee cell cultures and was administered to many Africans during the late 1950 s. Researchers have managed to obtain samples of the polio vaccine that was used in Africa in the 1950 s. By sequencing ribosomal RNAs present in the vaccines, they were able to test whether the species used to prepare the vaccine was really chimpanzee, as proposed. In addition, information is available on whether and where there are wild chimpanzee populations that harbor the SIV type that is most closely related to HIV. See:
Human immunodeficiency vinus (HIV) is the retrovirus that causes AIDS. AZT was one of the first drugs designed to interfere with retroviral DNA synthesis. When cells take up AZT, they convert it to AZT-triphosphate. Explain how AZT interferes with DNA synthesis.
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