Section of double-extra-strong pipe made of steel with yield strength 50 ksi is subjected to bending moment M = (35+0.8R) kip·in and torque T = (175+0.8R) kip·in, as shown in the figure below. The outer diameter of the pipe is d = 3 in, and the inner diameter is d' = 2.3 in. Analyze using the concepts of stresses under combined loadings and theories of yielding/failure:
(a) Determine the stresses under the applied moment and torque, and also the principal stresses at the stress element shown on the pipe in the figure.
(b) What factor of safety is predicted by the failure criterion of the maximum shear stress theory of failure?
(c) What is the value of the Mises equivalent stress for the given state of plane stress, and what is the factor of safety predicted by the failure criterion of the maximum distortion energy theory of failure?