Show me the steps to solve things used to determine how organisms are related to each other (cytochrome c amino acid differences)
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In this case, the protein is cytochrome c. Show more…
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Activity 3: Amino Acid Sequence Alignment As mentioned previously, evolutionary changes can be observed by comparing amino acid sequences of a protein that is common between the species of interest. Point mutations as well as frame-shift mutations may occur in the DNA, which in turn affect the amino acid sequence of proteins. To determine these changes, specific regions of a protein may be examined, and the amino acid sequence is aligned so that there are as few differences as possible between the species. In some cases, spaces are added to account for insertions or deletions to ensure proper alignment. In this activity, we will look at two regions (Sequence 1 and Sequence 2) of the Cytochrome C. Cytochrome C is a mitochondrial protein that is essential for aerobic respiration. Therefore, it is expected that the gene coding for this protein should be highly conserved. Directions: Determine the number of variants between each pair of species and record in the column (# of changes between species). Using the data, create a tree to denote the evolutionary relationship between the five species. Remember: there is neither a right nor wrong tree! Sequence: Cytochrome C amino acid sequence 14 – 21 Species Amino acid sequence # of changes between species Note: 1 Macaca mulatta C S Q C H T V E 1 & 2: __ 2 & 4: __ H = basic 2 Thunnus alalunga C A Q C H T V E 1 & 3: __ 2 & 5: __ D, E = acidic 3 Candida krusei C A E C H E T I 1 & 4: __ 3 & 4: __ C, Q, S, T = polar 4 Triticum aestivum C A Q C H T V D 1 & 5: __ 3 & 5: __ A, V, I = hydrophobic 5 Helianthus annuus C A Q C H T V E 2 & 3: __ 4 & 5: __ Draw the tree below: 1. Based on the results of the amino acid sequences, was the phylogenetic relationship of the species clearly evident? Explain. 2. Based on your tree, which species would be considered the basal taxon (outgroup)? 3. In the sequence, three of the amino acid positions interact with the heme group of cytochrome C, which is critical to the function of the protein. What are the likely positions? Explain why.
Supreeta N.
Activity 3: Amino Acid Sequence Alignment As mentioned previously, evolutionary changes can be observed by comparing amino acid sequences of a protein that is common between the species of interest. Point mutations as well as frame-shift mutations may occur in the DNA, which in turn affect the amino acid sequence of proteins. To determine these changes, specific regions of a protein may be examined, and the amino acid sequence is aligned so that there are as few differences as possible between the species. In some cases, spaces are added to account for insertions or deletions to ensure proper alignment. In this activity, we will look at two regions (Sequence 1 and Sequence 2) of the Cytochrome C. Cytochrome C is a mitochondrial protein that is essential for aerobic respiration. Therefore, it is expected that the gene coding for this protein should be highly conserved. Directions: Determine the number of variants between each pair of species and record in the column (# of changes between species). Using the data, create a tree to denote the evolutionary relationship between the five species. Remember: there is neither a right nor wrong tree! Sequence: Cytochrome C amino acid sequence 14 - 21 1. Based on the results of the amino acid sequences, was the phylogenetic relationship of the species clearly evident? Explain. 2. Based on your tree, which species would be considered the basal taxon (outgroup)? 3. In the sequence, three of the amino acid positions interact with the heme group of cytochrome C, which is critical to the function of the protein. What are the likely positions? Explain why:
Sri K.
Table 16.3 Cytochrome c Amino Acid Sequence Check Your Understanding 5.1 How has the comparison of molecules, such as proteins and DNA, provided support for the concept of evolution? 5.2 Scientists have studied the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c as a method of establishing common ancestry. Give two examples of animals sharing the same amino acid sequences with other very different organisms.
Maitreya E.
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