Slavery never became the foundation of the northern colonial work force because: labor-intensive crops would not grow in colder climates. it proved impossible to train slaves as domestic servants or artisans. colonists there viewed slavery as immoral. New England merchants refused to participate in the international slave trade.
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Which of the following factors contributed to the racialization of slavery in the New World? African workers refused to work for pay in America, so they were enslaved. Africans were well educated and could help increase efficiency on plantations. A high mortality rate among African parents left a lot of orphans, who were easily enslaved. Skin color was an easy way to differentiate slaves from freepersons.
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Historian Sven Beckert's book EMPIRE OF COTTON argues that it was the slave laborers of the US that enabled industrialization, especially in northern Europe -- but as we discussed in the lecture, many economic historians question Beckert's selective use of evidence. Nevertheless, should we accept Beckert's central thesis -- which is that cotton production and industrialization were intimately connected both in the US and in Europe? a~Yes, of course, because the sequence went something like this: demand for raw cotton radically increased in England where the first mechanized thread-making machines (powered by water) finally made it economically feasible for cloth-weavers to make cost-competitive, high-quality cloth. And once that happened, competition for customers was the incentive for innovations in technology. This happened in England, then elsewhere in Europe, then in the USA. b~No, because Beckert gets too many specific facts wrong, as pointed out in Deirdre McCloskey's critique in The American Historical Review. c~No, because technology would have come to the US one way or another anyway. d~No, because Americans and Britons alike preferred wool clothing, due to the cold winters, and consumer preference was determinative in fabric markets.
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