soil health is associated with higher primary productivity across europe what three sentences th

Soil health is associated with higher primary productivity...

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One of the main conclusions of Kremen et al. (2002) was stated as follows, “Another critical issue is whether biodiversity is important in maintaining ecosystem services... We found that the diversity of native bee communities is important in providing crop pollination services because of temporal fluctuations in bee populations, which are known to be highly variable across space and time... Diversity buffered pollination against asynchronous fluctuations of bee abundances between years…. A diverse set of species (~20 species) was necessary for sufficient pollination function in one year, and relatively unimportant species in one year become crucial … in the next year. Different bee species are also differentially effective as pollinators both within … and among crops… and honey bees are known to be ineffective or less effective pollinators of selected crops... Managing for bee diversity could therefore meet the pollination requirements of a greater number of crops, provide insurance in the event of shortages of any specific pollinator (managed or unmanaged), and provide options for new or alternative crops, either as a supplement or alternative to current protocols for single-species management.” (p. 16815) Choose the concluding sentence that best sums up the preceding paragraph. Group of answer choices A resilient crop pollination system is one centered on a single bee species (managed or wild). Organic farming and habitat restoration will increase bee diversity. Farmers today depend on biodiversity scientists. High diversities of pollinator species make agricultural landscapes more resilient to environmental change. Managed honey bee services should be prioritized.

Katlin K.

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Read the texts below, take notes, summarize and synthesize the information into one paragraph of 120-135 words. Source A Organic Farming Builds Healthy Soil To grow healthy food, you must start with healthy soil. If you treat the soil with harmful pesticides and chemicals, you may end up with soil that cannot thrive on its own. Natural cultivation practices are far better than chemical soil management. A large nine-year study by USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), shows that organic farming builds up organic soil matter better than conventional no-till farming. According to Dr. Elaine Ingham, just one teaspoon of compost-rich organic soil may host as many as 600 million to 1 billion helpful bacteria from 15,000 species. Ingham notes that on the flip side, one teaspoon of soil treated with chemicals may carry as few as 100 helpful bacteria. Organic Farming Supports Water Conservation and Water Health Scarce water supplies and poor water health are very real threats. American Rivers notes that a major water pollution threat to U.S rivers is runoff from non-organic farms, such as harmful pesticides, toxic fertilizers, and animal waste. Organic farming helps keep our water supplies clean by stopping that polluted runoff. Organic farming also helps conserve water. Organic farmers, in general, tend to spend time amending soil correctly and using mulch - both of which help conserve water. Cotton, for example, is an in-demand crop that requires a lot of irrigation and excess water when grown conventionally. However, organic cotton farming needs less irrigation and thus conserves water. Source B Supporting Animal Health and Welfare Insects, birds, fish and all sorts of other critters experience problems when humans swoop in and destroy their natural habitat. Organic farming not only helps preserve more natural habitat areas but also encourages birds and other natural predators to live happily on farmland, which assists in natural pest control. Additionally, animals who live on organic farms are exposed to clean, chemical-free grazing that helps keep them naturally healthy and resistant to illness. As a perk for organic farmers, happy and healthy organic animals are productive organic animals. Organic Farming Encourages Biodiversity In general, the more biodiversity there is on a farm, the more stable the farm is. Organic farming encourages healthy biodiversity, which plays a critical role in how resilient, or not, a farm is to issues like bad weather, disease, and pests. Additionally, reduced biodiversity may directly correlate with a rise in infectious diseases, which of course, isn't good for people or the planet.

Adi S.

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What it consumes in the environment The growth curve Its survival Impact on ecology (other living things and habitat) Competition for resources The impact of Climate change on soil biodiversity WHY: do soil microbes matter? BECAUSE: Crops would not grow, and purification of pollutants would not take place Microbes are central to all life on Earth due to their huge diversity in form and function. In soils, one teaspoon of topsoil contains around 1 billion individual microscopic cells and around 10,000 different species. These organisms have many tasks, and are central to crop fertility, purifying the environment from pollutants, regulating carbon storage stocks and production/consumption of many significant green house gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. The economic valuation of soils is in a large part due to soil microbial populations which provide key soil functions. Future climate scenarios may affect microbial populations in soil with many potential consequences, from increased losses of soil carbon due to increased respiration, changes in soil borne greenhouse gas production/consumption and changes to important plant-soil feedbacks giving rise to soil fertility. Microbes in soil ecosystems • They cycle most major nutrients required for plant productivity e.g. Nitrogen, Phosphorus • They protect plants from disease and are intimately associated with plant growth and productivity • Different types produce and consume most types of major greenhouse gases e.g. Carbon Dioxide, Methane & Nitrous oxide • They adapt to, and purify the environment, especially water, through degradation of pollutants e.g. removing explosives such as RDX Microbes and climate change • Bacteria recycle carbon in soils deposited by living and dead plants ‘The Carbon Standing Stock’ • Whilst Plants are good CO2 absorbers, it is activity by soil microbes that determines whether the carbon is stored underground or release back into the atmosphere where it contributes to climate change • More than three times the carbon is stored in soil than in the atmosphere • But increases in temperature are predicted to increase bacterial respiration and therefore increases in CO2, methane into the atmosphere and so reduce carbon storage in soil Microbial work at CEH Despite the crucial role of microbes in food production and sustainability, carbon storage very little is known about their biodiversity, their functional roles and interactions within an ecosystem or even about the drivers that alter their population. To overcome this lack of knowledge, CEH was the first to devise and implement the next generation of DNA based monitoring methods to assess the microscopic microbial populations at the UK wide scale in order to understand basic concepts of what environmental factors distribute microbial populations and their functions. Through this work the UK now has the world’s first ‘next generation’ DNA based monitoring network for bacteria, similar to those available for animals and plants. This work addresses fundamental concepts in microbial ecology it also provides the basis for next generation monitoring networks to understand and predict the effects of climate shifts. Carried out as part of Countryside Survey, work at CEH has resulted in the first soil microbial map of the UK. It has shown that most soil bacteria belong to one of two lineages: alphaproteobacterial whose function associations include nitrogen fixation and acidobacterial whose function in soil is unknown. It has been suggested the ratio of these two main groups will be related to the nutrient status of the soil. Therefore it is necessary to measure bacterial biodiversity to understand the effects on soil functions and how that may be altered by shifts in composition. The microbial work is part of a much larger research work on soils at CEH. It undertakes: • Monitoring across Britain to observe how soils are changing and understand why. • Experimentation relating soil biodiversity to function and measuring the services they deliver. • Modelling to predict how soils may change in the future and explore options for managing the soil. • Risk assessment and Remediation strategies to solve complex environmental problems. Future Impacts The work understanding microbial distributions at a national level is an embryonic area of science. Yet it has the potential to improve our understanding of essential soils and ecosystem interactions. This could led to significant impact for: • Food security: could soil microbial solutions result in an increase food production? • Water security: could microbial solutions result in more effective water purification or land remediation? • Climate change: understanding microbial effects will help reveal how soil carbon storage works and the balance of carbon use of bioenergy crops

Sri K.

Transcript

00:01 For this question, we're going to be comparing two similar species.

00:03 So they have, or sorry, two similar ecosystems.

00:06 One that has a lot of different species, a lot of different diversity.

00:10 And so in this particular case where we talked about species or genetic diversity versus a population, the one on the right, that has far less diversity.

00:25 So what happens to this ecosystem if there's a discrepancy in diversity, right? so the ecosystem that has a lot of genetic or species diversity is going to have a lot of environmental resilience.

00:43 And that's because we have so many species, so much genetic diversity.

00:49 So if something happens to any particular component, right, a particular species leaves or it's badly damaged, a lot of the numbers go down, you will still have a lot left.

01:03 And they can fill in those niches and the ecosystem can continue running pretty smoothly...

Question

"Soil health is associated with higher primary productivity across Europe" what three sentences that stood out to make it good writing from the authors

Question

"Soil health is associated with higher primary productivity across Europe" what three sentences that stood out to make it good writing from the authors

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