T cells are stimulated by the binding of antigen-MHC complex to the T cells' receptors. The outcome of this interaction (i.e., whether it leads to formation of antibodies or to the death of the cell with the antigen-MHC complex) depends on Select one: a. which class of MHC protein is involved. b. which type of T cell is involved. c. whether perforin is produced. d. All of the above e. None of the above Which immune protein(s) below is/are correctly described? Select all that apply: Select one or more: a. Antibodies: bind to specific epitopes, or molecular patterns, present on antigens. Antibodies comprise the B cell receptor. Secreted antibodies produced by plasma cells enable opsonization and agglutination b. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): MHC II is present on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) and present antigens to the T cell receptor (TCR) of T helper cells. MHC I is present on most nucleated cells and can present self-antigens as well as internal pathogen antigens to the T cell receptor. c. T cell receptor (TCR): membrane receptors on T cells that enable these lymphocytes to bind to epitopes presented by MHC molecules. Involved in the activation of T cells. d. Complement: innate immune system protein. Cascade of activation that enables the binding to invading microorganisms and promotes opsonization (phagocytosis) by phagocytic cells. e. Cytokines: small signaling proteins produced by various cell types. Involved in the activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes
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43. MHC molecules are required for a. B-cell activation. b. T-cell activation. c. phagocytosis of microbes. d. proteasome degradation of viruses. 44. The figure shown below illustrates a bacterial cell that Nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins are released after phagocytosis a. acts as an antigen. b. is broken down into many antigens. c. is producing antibodies in response to antigens. d. has a single epitope. 45. An antigen-presenting cell (APC) presents antigen to a. macrophages to stimulate the synthesis of antibodies. b. B cells to stimulate the formation of memory B cells. c. memory T cells to stimulate the synthesis of cytokines. d. helper T cells to activate the T cells during a cellular response. 46. Which of the following would be expected to elicit the largest production of antibodies? a. haptens floating freely within plasma b. a complex protein with many different epitopes c. a polysaccharide with several identical segments d. a small lipid 47. An injection of killed or attenuated Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, would be expected to protect an individual by a. causing the individual to have a mild case of typhoid fever, but protecting against future cases of typhoid fever. b. providing antigens recognizable by the immune system, allowing the formation of memory cells that will prevent typhoid fever in the future. c. providing cross-protection to prevent several diseases caused by different bacteria. d. providing the individual with premade antibodies capable of binding to and inactivating Salmonella typhi. 48. When comparing the primary and secondary immune responses, ______ titer levels are ______ during a ______ immune response. a. IgM; much higher; secondary b. IgG; much higher; secondary c. IgM; higher than IgG titer levels; primary d. IgM; higher than IgG titer levels; secondary 49. Class switching is the process in which a. B cells switch from producing IgM of IgD to producing IgE, IgG, or IgA. b. formed IgM antibody pentamers break apart into IgM monomers. c. antibody released from the surface of a B cell switches to a different heavy chain. d. higher-affinity antibodies are produced upon repeated exposure to the same antigen. 50. Why are cytotoxic T (Tc) cells more effective than antibodies at clearing viral infections? a. Tc cells are able to recognize free viral particles as they circulate through lymph nodes. b. Antibodies bind weakly to antigen-MHC I complexes on antigen-presenting cells. c. Antibodies are only able to bind to extracellular antigen, and viruses tend to be intracellular. d. Tc cells are activated more strongly than B cells by cytokines released by helper T cells.
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The types of signals that helper T cells provide to follicular B cells that allow the B cells to undergo not only proliferation and differentiation, but also affinity maturation and isotype switching include which of the following? cytokines and CD40L MHC class II and CD28 cytokines and CD28 MHC class I and CTLA-4 Helper T cells stimulate the progeny of B lymphocytes that initially only express certain immunoglobulin molecules to produce antibodies with different isotypes (class) switching. hypervariable regions light chains heavy chains cytokine profiles The function of the spleen is to monitor the blood to help fight infection and to filter out old blood cells. The white pulp in this (or these) organ(s) contains resident DCs that engulf pathogens and present peptides to lymphocytes. The red pulp traps red blood cells that have lost flexibility. These are then engulfed by macrophages. spleen liver thymus bone marrow Defensins and other antimicrobial substances are part of the microbiological front-line barrier discussed in class? This type of barrier is part of which branch of the immune system? microbiological; innate chemical; innate chemical; adaptive microbiological; innate Monocytes circulate in the blood, and differentiate into macrophages once they enter tissues to fight infection (using phagocytosis, microbial killing, antigen presentation, and cytokine-production strategies). Monocytes; macrophages Neutrophils; macrophages Macrophages; monocytes Lymphocytes; monocytes Which of the following best describes the forms of antigens that can be recognized by immunoglobulin molecules? Only linear epitopes Various macromolecules (including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) Typically only peptide antigens presented in the context of self MHC molecules Typically only peptide antigens, without any association of the peptides with self MHC molecules How many polypeptide chains come together to form one antibody molecule? (Note: please assume that the antibody is in monomeric form.) One alpha and one beta chain, for a total of 2 polypeptide chains One light and one heavy chain, for a total of 2 polypeptide chains Two alpha and two beta chains, for a total of 4 polypeptide chains Two heavy and two light chains, for a total of 4 polypeptide chains
What are naïve B or T cells and how do they function in cell-mediated and humoral immune responses? a. Naïve B and T cells are lymphocytes of the B and T types that have come into contact with pathogenic antigens. Naïve T cells produce antibodies in the humoral immune response, while naïve B cells stimulate the cell-mediated immune response. b. Naïve B and T cells are lymphocytes of the B and T types that normally circulate in the body at all times and have not come into contact with any pathogenic antigens. Activated T cells produce antibodies in the humoral immune response, while activated B cells stimulate the cell-mediated immune response. c. Naïve B and T cells are lymphocytes of the B and T types that normally circulate in the body at all times and have not come into contact with any pathogenic antigens. Activated B cells produce antibodies in the humoral immune response, while activated T cells stimulate the cell mediated immune response. d. Naïve B and T cells are lymphocytes of the B and T types that have come into contact with pathogenic antigens. Naïve B cells produce antibodies in the humoral immune response, while naïve T cells stimulate the cell-mediated immune response.
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