The LAT Gads: SLP-76 complex that assembles following TCR stimulation provides the scaffold for initiating multiple downstream signaling modules, leading to actin polymerization, integrin activation, and gene expression. O True O False QUESTION 2 The TCR signaling module leading to transcription factor activation is dependent on the enzyme phospholipase C-y (PLC-y). PLC-y activates multiple transcription factors through the mechanism of generating two small second messengers that act on multiple target proteins in the T cell. directly cleaving inhibitory subunits of multiple transcription factors, thereby releasing the active transcription factors Ogenerating two small second messengers that diffuse to the nucleus and activate transcription factors present there generaling two small second messengers that act as chaperones to promote nuclear localization of transcription factors. Odirectly cleaving the lipid-binding domain from membrane-tethered transcription factors, allowing them to migrate to the nucleus QUESTION 3 Match each protein involved in lymphocyte development to its function Surrogate alpha subunit CD3 Rag1/Rag2 AIRE A. Transcription factor involved in negative T cell selection B. Factor involved in T cell receptor signaling C. critical component of pre-T cell receptor D. DNA recombinases important for V(D)J recombination
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ing enzymes (which are themselves often parts of large protein complexes) (Fig. 13-19). (For characteristics of various modifying complexes, see Chapter 8, Table 8-7.) The reason for these additional requirements is that the DNA template is packaged into chromatin, as we discussed in Chapter 8. This complicates binding to the promoter of polymerase and its associated factors. Transcriptional regulatory proteins called activators help polymerase to the promoter, stabilizing its binding there. This recruitment is mediated through interactions between DNA-bound activators, chromatin-modifying and -remodeling factors, and parts of the FIGURE 13-19 Assembly of the pre-initiation complex in the presence of Mediator, nucleosome modifiers and remodelers, and transcriptional activators. In addition to the general transcription factors shown in Figure 13-16, transcriptional activators bound to sites near the gene recruit nucleosome-modifying and -remodeling complexes and the Mediator complex, which together help form the preinitiation complex. activator Mediator complex chromatin remodeler HAT RNA polymerase II
Madhur L.
CDK must bind to start to generate an active CDK complex. What other process has to happen before it is activated? Cyclin and 1osp also play a role. Describe whether the availability of cyclin or CDK controls activation of the complex. What is the role of an activated CDK complex? Answer Parts A-C below in relation to the figure shown. Why are all of these proteins binding the origin sequence? Is Cdc6 activation inhibitory for DNA replication? What is the end result when Cdc6 and other proteins in the pre-replicative complex are phosphorylated? Answer the questions about Rb below (a-c) using the provided figure. When Rb is phosphorylated, is it considered activated or inactivated? Why? What cell process is Rb controlling? What complex phosphorylates Rb? Answer the questions about p53 below: When there is DNA damage, where in the cell does p53 move? If p53 is active, what molecule controls the transcription of? What is the role of the molecule listed in regards to the cell cycle?
Sri K.
MATCHING (A.-G.) 19. General transcription factor 20. Basal transcription apparatus 21. Transcriptional activator proteins 22. Core promoter 23. TATA box 24. Regulatory promoter 25. Enhancers A. DNA sequence immediately upstream of a eukaryotic gene, to which the basal transcription apparatus binds B. complex of transcription factors, RNA polymerase, and other proteins that assemble on the promoter and are capable of initiating minimal levels of transcription C. sequence that stimulates maximal transcription of distant genes; affects only genes on the same DNA molecule, contains short consensus sequences, is not fixed in relation to the transcription start site, can stimulate almost any promoter in its vicinity, and may be upstream or downstream of the gene D. consensus sequence (TATAAA) commonly found in euk RNA pol II promoters; usually located 25-30 bp upstream of the transcription start site E. protein that binds to a eukaryotic promoter near the transcription start site and is a part of the basal transcription apparatus that initiates transcription F. DNA sequence located immediately upstream of the eukaryotic core promoter; contains consensus sequences to which transcriptional regulator proteins bind G. protein in eukaryotic cells that binds to consensus sequences in regulatory promoters and enhancers and initiates transcription by stimulating the assembly of the basal transcription apparatus RNA POLYMERASE I, II, or III? 26. RNA polymerase that transcribes small untranslated RNAS, such as tRNAS Transcribes rRNA genes 27. Transcribes mRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA 28. Contains the same two non-identical alpha-like subunits 29. Resides in the nucleoplasm 30. Resides in the nucleolus 31. Has two copies of different alpha-like subunits
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