The 20 amino acids that are used to make up proteins differ from one another by the side chain ("R-group"). These different "R-group" side chains can be: - a group that could be negatively charged at pH 7 (R-COO-) and uncharged (R-COOH) at pH 3 - a group that could be positively charged at pH 7 (R-NH3+) and uncharged (R-NH2) at pH 11 - a polar group (hydrophilic) - a nonpolar group (hydrophobic)
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