The band gap of silicon is 1.1 eV.
(a) What elements would you add to silicon to make it p-type?
(b) If the acceptor level is 0.01 eV above the top of the valence band, what fraction of the acceptor levels would be occupied at room temperature (297K)? Assume that the probability of excitation is proportional to exp(-E/kT).
(c) If the impurity concentration is 10^-4 at.% in p-type Si, what is the current carrier density due to the impurities?
(d) What would be the intrinsic carrier concentration at room temperature in the absence of impurities?