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Hello, here we are given a set of multiple choice question based on humeral and cell mediated immunity.
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The first question is based on antigen antibody interactions.
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The answer to this question is option d epitopes are regions.
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On the surface of antigens that interacts with an antibody.
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You may have a doubt that epitopes can interact even with the t -celled, receptors.
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Epitopes do interact with the t cell receptors or tcrs but on a condition, that is, when the epitopes are presented on mhc molecules only.
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Independently, an epitope is not capable of binding to a tcr.
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Only when it is presented by an mhc molecule can an epitope bind to a tcr.
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Mhc molecules do bind epitopes but specific types only, that is, peptide epitodes only.
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Epitopes may be of different types apart from the peptide epitope.
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They may be made of carbohydrate, lipids, and small molecules as well.
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So by definition, a tcr cannot bind epitopes, neither can a mhc, only an antibody binds to epitopes.
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So the answer is option d.
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Moving on to the next question.
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Question 2 is based on activation of t helper cells or c .d.
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4 positive t cells.
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While it is true that cytokines are what activate t cells, these cytokines which are released by apcs require the binding of tcr on the t cell to release them.
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So cytokines are released by antigen presenting cells or apcs, but only upon binding of t cell receptor or tcr to mhc, two molecules with antigen on their surface.
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Apcs may be dendritic cells, macrophages or b cells.
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As you can see in the image, t cell receptors present on the t helper cell with the help of cd4 receptor binds to the mhtc class 2 and this elicitsits the release of cytokines which help the tealper cell mature.
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Therefore, the answer to this question is option b.
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Moving on to the next question.
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Question 3 is based on antibody functions.
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There are five major antibody types that we see in our body.
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They are igg, iga, igm, igd and ige.
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Their structure is given on the left and their functions are as noted.
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Igg is the main antibody in the secondary response.
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It is responsible for obsonization of bacteria and they fix complement, both of which help in phagocytosis.
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And enhances bacterial killing.
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They also are responsible for neutralizing toxins and viruses.
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They cross the placenta and impart immunity to the fetus.
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Iga is the secretory immunoglobulin or antibody...