The observation that chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain their own DNA and synthesize some of the proteins that function in these organelles suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria A. must divide each time the cell containing them divides B. are involved in energy metabolism of the cell C. contain two or more membranes D. are part of the endomembrane system E. are produced by the nucleus of the ell
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There is compelling evidence that today's mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells. This evidence is described in the endosymbiotic theory. Symbiosis occurs when two different species benefit from living and working together. When one organism actually lives inside the other, it's called endosymbiosis. In the 1960s, a number of scientists had proposed that eukaryotic cells evolved when one bacterium (a prokaryote) engulfed another, and the two began living together. Over many generations, and through many smaller changes, the engulfed cell evolved into an organelle, like the mitochondrion. According to this idea, mitochondria look and act so much like bacteria because they once were bacteria. All but one statement below is further evidence in support of the endosymbiosis theory. That is A) Nuclear DNA is bundled up in linear strands. B) Mitochondria have their own circular DNA genome. C) Bacterial DNA is capable of directing protein synthesis and enzyme production. D) Mitochondria are more closely related to bacterial cells than the eukaryotic cells in which they reside.
Anand J.
Which of the following statements regarding the endosymbiosis theory is TRUE? A) Chloroplasts and mitochondria used to have smaller genomes when they were free-living organisms, but now need more genes in order to carry out tasks for their eukaryotic hosts. B) There can sometimes be transfer of genes between closely related species. C) The endosymbiosis theory tells us how the eukaryotic cell first arose. D) Cyanobacteria arose when a chloroplast was lost from a primitive eukaryote due to a mistake in cell division. E) Strong evidence in support of the theory is that the DNA of chloroplasts and mitochondria is very closely related to DNA sequences from 2 different groups of bacteria.
Marlyn J.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria and have their own genomes. Most ancestral mitochondrial and chloroplast genes have been transferred to the nucleus. Which of the following statements are true? a) Nuclear genes are readily transferred into the mitochondrial genome. b) Some reduced mitochondria-related organelles completely lack a genome. c) Genes are retained in endosymbiont genomes because their protein products are too hydrophobic to pass through the TOM and TIM complexes. d) Mitochondrial and chloroplast genes are still being transferred to the nuclear genome in some lineages.
Adi S.
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