The path of carbon through glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is shown in the figure. Answer two questions about the regulation of gluconeogenesis. Which step of gluconeogenesis is the main negative control point? Use the numbering system in the image. Select all of the compounds that inhibit the enzyme in this step in the liver. ATP insulin AMP glucose-6-phosphate acetyl-CoA fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 10 glucose Pi ATP ADP glucose-6-phosphate 9 fructose-6-phosphate 8 Pi ATP ADP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 7 dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 6 5 NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+ NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 4 ADP ATP ADP ATP 3-phosphoglycerate 3 2-phosphoglycerate 2 GDP GTP phosphoenolpyruvate oxaloacetate CO2 CO2 1 ADP ATP ADP + Pi ATP pyruvate glycolysis gluconeogenesis
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STEP 1: Review the process of glycolysis. a. Pay attention to where energy input is required, where carbons are removed and where and how the hydrogens and their electrons leave the pathway. Where do they "go"? b. If a person is doing a strenuous exercise (such as a long sprint not a marathon, or bicycling uphill such as Hwy 20 across the Cascade Mountains of Washington State or a hill in the Tour de France) - what is the source of energy when the muscle runs out of oxygen? c. Explain anaerobic glycolysis (lactate and the Cori Cycle). Review the options for energy-yielding nutrients and how all three macronutrients can be used for energy or stored as fat. a. Compare the yields of pyruvate and Acetyl CoA. b. Why is fat more energy rich? c. What are two important coenzymes? Review the micronutrients involved☺
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