The reactions of glycolysis produce atp from adp as the...

The reactions of glycolysis produce ATP from ADP as the storage form of the energy output, but the citric acid cycle mainly produces NADH and FADH2. Since ATP is the energy currency used throughout the cell, what happens to NADH and FADH2 to "exchange" these "foreign currencies" for ATP? What is the net energy output (in units of ATP molecules) from glycolysis? From fermentation? From the aerobic processes (pyruvate oxidation, followed by the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain)? What do the protein complexes of the electron transport chain do to extract the energy from NADH and FADH2 and convert it into usable units of ATP? (hint: it involves creating an ion imbalance across a mitochondrial membrane and using that gradient to drive phosphorylation).

Transcript

00:01 In order to answer this question, we have to talk about metabolism.

00:03 It says the reactions of the ecology produce atp from adp, this is true, as the storage form of the energy output, but acetic acid cycle mainly produces nadh and fadh and fadh too.

00:15 Since atp is the energy currency used throughout the cell, what happens to an adhd and fads2 to exchange these foreign currencies for atp? and remember that this is your mitochondrial, the outer mitochondrial membrane, and this is the inner mitochondrial membrane.

00:30 Here in the inner mitochondrial membrane you're going to have four protein complexes.

00:36 Complex 1, complex 2, complex 3, and complex 4.

00:40 Nadh is going to donate electrons.

00:42 It is an electron carrier.

00:43 They're going to donate electros to compress number 1.

00:45 And h2 is going to do the same but in complex number 2.

00:49 Then these electrodes are going to flow to complex number 3 and then to complex number 4, where oxygen is going to accept those electrons.

00:55 The goal of all of this is to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix that is this space here, to this intermembrano space.

01:03 So you're going to have a high concentration of protons here because of this electron flow through these electron complexes.

01:10 So because you have higher concentration of protons here and lower concentration of protons here, these protons are going to want to move back to the matrix because of this gradient, but this inner metcony membrane is not permeable to protons.

01:23 So the only way by which they can come back to the matrix is by this transporter called atp synthase.

01:28 And as this atp synthesis produces or moves protons back to the matrix, it is going to phosphorylase 1 in ap molecule and produce atp.

01:37 So in this way, these ladh and fads2 are going to be exchanged by atp.

01:44 So it says what is the net energy output in units of atp molecules from glycolysis? glycolycolysis starts with a glucose molecule and it produces two pyrobin molecules.

01:58 Okay, here in lycolysis you are going to use 2 atps at the beginning of the process, but then you're going to produce 4 atps and also 2navh molecule.

02:13 So you have, you just assume all of this and you have plus 2 atp's plus 2naids molecules.

02:22 Remember that when we talked about here the electro -trapper chain, one nadh molecule normally produces 380ps and 1 fadh2 produced 380ps and 1 fadh2, uses 280ps, but in case of this, this nadh is produced in the cytosol, okay, in the cytosol, because glycolysis is accused in cytosol.

02:40 So this nadh cannot directly enter mitochondria in order to get to be a little transport check...

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