Teresa Wray

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The social psychologist Robert Zajonc has a solution to the problem that half the studies on the relation of birth order to intelligence show first-born children to be brighter, and half give the advantage to the later-born. He finds that \text{later-born children profit more from the teachings of their parents when they are older; first-born} \text{children are brighter early on since they get individual teaching from their parents} \text{later-born children profit more from the teaching of their parents and older siblings when they are} \text{young; first-born children gain the IQ advantage when they are older from teaching their younger} \text{siblings} \text{at the approximate age of 11, the IQ levels of later-born and first-born switch; the later-born becomes} \text{brighter and the first-born loses their early advantage} \text{those studies testing children earlier than 11 found no birth-order difference; after the age of 11, there} \text{was a slight IQ advantage to being first-born}

          The social psychologist Robert Zajonc has a solution to the problem that half the studies on
the relation of birth order to intelligence show first-born children to be brighter, and half give
the advantage to the later-born. He finds that

\text{later-born children profit more from the teachings of their parents when they are older; first-born}
\text{children are brighter early on since they get individual teaching from their parents}

\text{later-born children profit more from the teaching of their parents and older siblings when they are}
\text{young; first-born children gain the IQ advantage when they are older from teaching their younger}
\text{siblings}

\text{at the approximate age of 11, the IQ levels of later-born and first-born switch; the later-born becomes}
\text{brighter and the first-born loses their early advantage}

\text{those studies testing children earlier than 11 found no birth-order difference; after the age of 11, there}
\text{was a slight IQ advantage to being first-born}

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The social psychologist Robert Zajonc has a solution to the problem that half the studies on
the relation of birth order to intelligence show first-born children to be brighter, and half give
the advantage to the later-born. He finds that

later-born children profit more from the teachings of their parents when they are older; first-born
children are brighter early on since they get individual teaching from their parents

later-born children profit more from the teaching of their parents and older siblings when they are
young; first-born children gain the IQ advantage when they are older from teaching their younger
siblings

at the approximate age of 11, the IQ levels of later-born and first-born switch; the later-born becomes
brighter and the first-born loses their early advantage

those studies testing children earlier than 11 found no birth-order difference; after the age of 11, there
was a slight IQ advantage to being first-born

Added by Jennifer B.

Psychology Openstax

Rosie M. Spielman 1st Edition

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Solved by Expert Teresa Wray

07/25/2023

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This suggests that the advantage in intelligence may shift towards later-born children as they grow older. Show more…

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The social psychologist Robert Zajonc has a solution to the problem that half the studies on the relation of birth order to intelligence show first-born children to be brighter, and half give the advantage to the later-born. He finds that later-born children profit more from the teachings of their parents when they are older; first-born children are brighter early on since they get in dividual teaching from their parents later-born children profit more from the teaching of their parents and older siblings when they are young; first-born children gain the IQ advantage when they are older from teaching their younger siblings at the approximate age of 11, the IQ levels of later-born and first-born switch; the later-born becomes brighter and the first-born loses their early advantage those studies testing children earlier than 11 found no birth-order difference; after the age of 11 , there was a slight IQ advantage to being first-born The social psychologist Robert Zajonc has a solution to the problem that half the studies on the relation of birth order to intelligence show first-born children to be brighter, and half give the advantage to the later-born.He finds that O later-born children profit more from the teachings of their parents when they are older; first-born children are brighter early on since they get in dividual teaching from their parents O later-born children profit more from the teaching of their parents and older siblings when they are young; first-born children gain the IQ advantage when they are older from teaching their younger siblings O at the approximate age of 11, the IQ levels of later-born and first-born switch; the later-born becomes brighter and the first-born loses their early advantage O those studies testing children earlier than 11 found no birth-order difference;after the age of 11,there was a slight IQ advantage to being first-born

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Transcript

00:03 So we're looking at the difference between iq scores of older siblings and younger siblings here.

00:09 So we have mean, standard deviations, the sample size, our degrees of freedom for each would be nine.

00:18 I'm not quite sure why that one's red, but they're both nine.

00:22 So the degrees of freedom are nine.

00:25 Okay, so then this says that it's the mean, sorry, the mean difference is greater than zero.

00:39 So that means if i draw a little distribution here, it has to be greater than zero, then greater than is on this side.

00:55 The greater than side.

01:00 So that's going to be a left -tailed frame.

01:06 And then with our left -tailed test, we want to find our test statistic.

01:12 In order to do that, we need to find the standard error.

01:14 This is the formula for the standard error.

01:17 Now, if i'm doing it in excel, i'm going to type in equals and sq.

01:22 Sq is going to give me the square root function.

01:26 And then i'm going to put in my fractions.

01:30 So it's the standard deviation squared divided by the sample size.

01:39 And then we add that to the second one, standard deviation squared, oops, divided by the sample size.

01:59 And so that's my standard error.

02:02 Now to find my test statistic, i am going to take these two, the two means and subtract them.

02:11 Oh, i gotta put equals, equals, because that's how excel knows i'm calculating stuff.

02:17 The older minus the younger, make sure you always do them in the same order, x1, x2, divided by the standard error.

02:28 Okay, so that's my test statistic, 0 .43396, whatever.

02:34 Now to find my p value, i'm going to equals and then t.

02:42 And oh my goodness, totally messed up...

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