The stomata (or guard cells) of an individual maple leaf shut in extreme heat and sunshine to prevent water loss. This is an example of which major principle of evolution? Question 13 options: Dynamic steady state Conservation of energy Evolution
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For each statement, identify which major theme is evident (the relationship of structure to function, information flow, pathways that transform energy and matter, interactions within biological systems, or evolution) and explain how the statement relates to the theme. If necessary, review the themes (see Chapter 1 ) and review the examples highlighted in blue in this chapter. The environment exerts a selective pressure on how many stomata the leaf cells of a plant species will have.
The findings of Osborne and co-workers on the evolution of megaphylls (see Figure 28.17 ) support the idea that large megaphylls became common only after the atmospheric $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ level had dropped, so that more stomata were favored, allowing evaporation from the stomata to cool larger leaves. How might you extend that work to confirm the involvement of temperature as a factor limiting leaf size?
15. A pigment known as __________ absorbs the light required for photosynthesis a. Chlorophyll b. Chloroplast c. Sporangia d. Carbon dioxide 16. As plants evolved, some plants gained adaptations allowing them to grow taller. This provides an advantage primarily because a. Tall trees have access to higher concentration of carbon dioxide b. Tall trees have access to greater amounts of sunlight c. Tall trees have access to higher concentrations of oxygen 17. __________ tissue evolved as an efficient way to transport material throughout a plant's body. a. Cuticle b. Haploid c. Stomata d. Vascular 18. What adaptations allow mosses to grow well in the arctic tundra, where other plants generally can't survive a. They grow better at cold temperatures b. They do no have true roots and can grow on hard surfaces c. There are no herbivores in the tundra 19. Leaves are the sites of photosynthesis in many plants. Leaves require water from the roots for photosynthesis but other non-photosynthetic cells contained in stems and roots require sugars that are produced by photosynthesis. Which tissue is responsible for transporting the photosynthetic products to other non-photosynthetic cells. a. Phloem b. Xylem c. Arteries d. Xena 20. Which of the following describes an adaptation that contain tubelike structures which have evolved for the efficient transport of liquid material throughout a plant's body a. Roots b. Apical meristem c. Lignin d. Vascular tissue
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